1、Designation: D 531 00 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Method forRubber PropertyPusey and Jones Indentation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 531; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination
3、of the inden-tation of rubber or rubber-like materials by means of the Puseyand Jones type of plastometer. This apparatus is used tomeasure the depth of indentation of an indentor, under fixedforce into the surface of a specimen.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3
4、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docu
5、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 1415 Test Method for Rubber PropertyInternationalHardnessD 4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustriesNOTE 1The specific dated edition of the prac
6、tice that prevails in thisdocument is referenced in the Precision section.3. Significance and Use3.1 The Pusey and Jones indentation value is the depth ofindentation, expressed in hundredths of a millimetre, of a ball3.175 mm (0.1250 in.) in diameter under an expressed force of9.8 N (2.2 lbf). This
7、value may be used to compare theindentation resistance of rubber and rubber-like materials.3.2 The indentation value obtained should not be confusedwith hardness as measured by Test Method D 1415, since in thelatter test the rubber immediately adjacent to the indentor isprecompressed.4. Apparatus4.1
8、 Plastometer, an instrument consisting of an indentor, amass for applying the stated force on the indentor, a microme-ter for indicating the depth of the indentation, a specimenholder and support.4.1.1 Indentor, for indenting the specimen, consisting of avertical steel shaft attached, at the upper e
9、nd to a depthindicator gage, and terminating in a steel sphere having adiameter of 3.175 6 0.015 mm (0.1250 6 0.0005 in.) ofpolished, noncorrosive hard metal treated to resist wear.4.1.2 Mass, the mass shall be 1000 6 0.01 g.4.1.3 Depth Indicator Gage, a micrometer attached to theplastometer, either
10、 an electronic digital gage or analog dialgage, capable of displaying indentor movement (indentation)in increments of at least 0.01 mm (0.0004 in.) and having travelof 0 (zero) to no less than 3 mm (0.12 in).4.1.4 Support, a support frame, or fixture, for the plastom-eter, shall be configured so tha
11、t the specimen holder and hence,the specimen, are perpendicular to the indentor support shaftand that the mass may be independently raised or loweredvertically, permitting the indentor to rest on the surface of thespecimen and the mass to be subsequently applied.4.1.5 Specimen Holder, for the standa
12、rd, or reference speci-men described in 5.1, shall consist of a clamping fixture of twometal plates secured by two threaded bolts. The uppermostplate shall have a hole and a slot, as depicted in Fig. 1, to allowfor the unencumbered introduction of the indentor to thespecimen.4.1.5.1 The purpose of t
13、he specimen holder is to support thespecimen in a manner that reduces, or eliminates, relativepositioning or movement that may adversely affect test deter-minations.4.1.5.2 In routine testing, a specimen holder, a support, orboth, of other, but similar, configurations may be employed toaccommodate s
14、pecimens other than those described in 5.1,refer to 5.1.1.5. Test Specimens5.1 The standard, or reference, test specimen shall be auniform molded rectangular block a minimum of 13 mm (0.51in.) in thickness, 30 mm (1.18 in.) in width, and 75 mm (2.951This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
15、 Commitee D11 on Rubberand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10 on Physical Testing.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 531 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm
16、.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.in.) in le
17、ngth. The upper and lower surfaces, those oppositesurfaces with the largest area, shall be parallel to within 60.5mm (60.20 in).5.1.1 The standard, or reference, test specimen shall be usedwhen the plastometer is employed for the purpose of determin-ing a standard, or reference, either within or bet
18、ween labora-tories, that is, in other than routine testing.5.2 In routine testing, specimens may be used with aconfiguration other than those of the standard, or reference, testspecimen described in 5.1.6. Procedure6.1 Measurement of Indentation of Standard, or ReferenceSpecimens:6.1.1 When measurin
19、g the indentation on a standard, orreference specimen as described in 5.1, secure it in thespecimen holder (refer to Fig. 1 and Section 4.1.5) with thebolts tightened sufficiently to hold it firmly without measurablecompression.6.1.2 Place the specimen holder on the support.6.1.3 Mount the plastomet
20、er over the specimen so that theindentor shaft is perpendicular to the support and hence thespecimen holder, to within 60.05 mm (60.002 in).6.1.4 The plastometer and support shall be placed upon aflat surface in a manner that prevents unsteadiness or move-ment other than described in 6.3.6.1.5 Lower
21、 the indentor shaft until the indentor is at themoment of contact with the specimen.6.1.5.1 Adjust the depth indicator gage to record indenta-tions up to 3 mm (0.12 in).6.1.5.2 Adjust the depth indicator gage so the displayindicates zero.6.1.6 Lower the mass onto the indentor, in a fashion thatelimi
22、nates shock, until the mass rests fully on the indentor.6.1.7 The amount of indentation displayed on the depthindicator gage 60 s (61 s) after the application of a total forceof 9.8 N, shall be recorded.6.1.8 Make no less than 3 such determinations on thespecimen at least 13 mm (0.51 in) apart and f
23、rom any edge.6.1.9 The median of the determinations, expressed as awhole number indicating hundredths of millimetres, shall bereported as the Pusey and Jones Indentation Value, refer to8.1.1.6.2 Measurement of Indentation of Specimens for RoutineTests (Nonstandard Specimens):6.2.1 When making determ
24、inations on specimens other thanthose described in 5.1, specimen holders, supports or othersuitable fixturing, similar to those previously described, may beemployed and the procedure in 6.1 may be followed, other-wise:6.2.2 Mount the plastometer over, or directly upon, thespecimen, so that the inden
25、tor shaft is vertical and perpendicu-lar to the specimen surface and both are level, as determined bymeans of a spirit level or similar device.6.2.3 Position curved (convex or concave) or irregularlyshaped specimens, so that the center line of the indentor shaftis perpendicular to the tangent of the
26、 specimen at the point ofcontact of the indentor and that determinations shall be made inaccordance with 6.2.8.6.2.4 The plastometer and specimen, or any fixtures em-ployed, shall be secure and situated in a manner that preventsunsteadiness or movement other than described in 6.3.6.2.5 Lower the ind
27、entor shaft until the indentor is at themoment of contact with the specimen.6.2.5.1 Adjust the depth indicator gage to record indenta-tions up to 3 mm (0.12 in).6.2.5.2 Adjust the depth indicator gage so the displayindicates zero.6.2.6 Lower the mass onto the indentor, in a fashion thateliminates sh
28、ock, until the mass rests fully on the indentor.6.2.7 The amount of indentation displayed on the depthindicator gage 60 s (61 s) after the application of a total forceof 9.8 N, shall be recorded.mm in.A, min 80 3.15B, min 30 1.2D 17 to 18 0.67 to 0.70E 11 to 12 0.43 to 0.47F 60 2.36FIG. 1 Holder for
29、 Test SpecimensD 531 00 (2005)26.2.8 Make no less than 3 such determinations on thespecimen at least 13 mm (0.51 in) apart and from any edge.6.2.9 The median of the determinations, expressed as awhole number indicating hundredths of millimetres, shall bereported as the Pusey and Jones Indentation Va
30、lue, refer to8.1.1.6.2.10 When tests are performed on specimens other thanthose described in 5.1 and without the specimen holder andsupport the results shall be compared only to those obtained onsimilarly configured specimens under similar conditions.6.3 VibratorA small vibrator that is activated pr
31、ior to themass being applied to the indentor and operates continuouslyduring a test to overcome any friction in the apparatus. Aninstrument that vibrates approximately 120 times per s, with anamplitude of vibration of the fixed platform of the testervarying from approximately 0.002 to 0.005 mm (0.00
32、01 to0.0002 in.), has been found satisfactory.6.4 Such a vibrator may consist of a simple-cored solenoidfastened to the top of a C-shaped piece of strap steel. The lowerpart of the solenoid core is a loose cylindrical piece of steelwith a shoulder at its lower end. When the current is off, theloose-
33、cored section rests on a screw projecting from the bottomof the C-shaped support. When the current is on, the loose-cored section is attached to the solenoid but is restrained by aflat split ring of spring brass through which the cored sectionpasses, and which bears on the shoulder of the cored sect
34、ion.The cored section is caused to vibrate by the alternating forcesof attraction by the solenoid and repulsion by the flat ringacting as a spring. A small plate bearing a toggle switch forclosing the circuit to the solenoid is fastened to the top of theC-shaped piece of strap steel by means of the
35、same bolt thatholds the solenoid. The bottom of the C-shaped piece isfastened by screws to a portion of a brass nut that serves toclamp the vibrator to one upright post of the tester.7. Laboratory Atmosphere and Test SpecimenConditioning7.1 The tests shall be conducted in the standard laboratoryatmo
36、sphere as defined in Practice D 618, Terminology: “stan-dard laboratory atmosphere.”7.2 Test specimen conditioning shall be in accordance withPractice D 618, Standard Procedures for Conditioning Prior toTest: Procedure A.7.3 These conditions may be modified if agreed uponbetween laboratories or betw
37、een supplier and user and are inaccord with the alternative procedures described in PracticeD 618.7.4 When tests are conducted, within a laboratory, forpurposes of research, development, or empirical study andreported beyond that laboratory, the conditions shall be re-ported in accordance with Pract
38、ice D 618.8. Report8.1 State that the test was made in accordance with thisdesignation and include the following information:8.1.1 The Pusey and Jones indentation number,8.1.2 Description of test specimen including dimensions,8.1.3 Date of vulcanization, if known,8.1.4 Duration and temperature of vu
39、lcanization, if known,8.1.5 Temperature of test room, and8.1.6 Date of test.9. Precision and Bias39.1 These precision statements have been prepared in ac-cordance with Practice D 4483. Refer to Practice D 4483 forterminology and other testing and statistical concepts.9.2 The Pusey and Jones Indentat
40、ion Plastometer is usedmainly in the rubber roll industry. In this program no inter-laboratory precision data were obtained due to the limited useof this test method. The precision program consisted of tests byone operator on three different (in-house) instruments on threedifferent days. Four materi
41、als were tested. A test result is themedian value of three separate (determinations) indentationmeasurements.9.3 Table 1 gives the within and among “instrument”precision. Repeatability refers to within instrument variation;reproducibility refers to among (between) instrument variation,with the same
42、operator for both.9.4 BiasIn test method statistical terminology, bias is thedifference between an average test value and the reference ortrue test property value. Reference values do not exist for thistest method since the value or level of the test property isexclusively defined by the test method
43、. Bias, therefore, cannotbe determined.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D111028.TABLE 1 Special Precision ResultsPusey and Jones IndentationMaterial Mean LevelWithin InstrumentABetween InstrumentAS(w) r(w)(r)(w)
44、S(B) r(B)(r)(B)1 11.7(a) 0.265 0.750 6.4 0.374 1.06 9.12 20.9 0.296 0.838 4.0 0.309 0.875 4.23 38.1 0.379 1.073 2.8 0.668 1.89 5.04 63.0 0.192 0.543 0.86 1.67 4.73 7.5AS(w) = within instrument, standard deviation.r(w) = repeatability (within instrument) measurement units.(r)(w) = repeatability (with
45、in instrument), %.S(B) = between instrument, standard deviation.r(B) = repeatability (between instrument) measurement units.(r)(B) = repeatability (between instrument), %.(a) = Pusey and Jones indentation number.D 531 00 (2005)310. Keywords10.1 hardness; indentation hardness; relative hardness;plast
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47、s, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional s
48、tandardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM C
49、ommittee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 531 00 (2005)4
