1、Designation: D 240 02 (Reapproved 2007)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forHeat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by BombCalorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.
3、 Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat ofcombustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatilityfrom that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directlyapplicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and
4、 2fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT,and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not asreproducible as Test Method D 4809.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thes
5、afety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Sections 7 and 9 and A1.10 and Annex
6、 A3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum FractionsD 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWaveleng
7、th Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD 3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of AviationTurbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Reso-nance SpectrometryD 4294 Test Met
8、hod for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD 4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition E
9、ngine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE 200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Stor-age of Standard and Reagent Solutions for ChemicalAnalysis3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gross heat of combust
10、ion, Qg (MJ/kg)the quantity ofenergy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned in a constantvolume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other thanwater that is condensed to the liquid state.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe fuel can be either liquid or solid,and contain only the elements carbon, hydrog
11、en, nitrogen, andsulfur. The products of combustion, in oxygen, are gaseouscarbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and liquidwater. In this procedure, 25C is the initial temperature of thefuel and the oxygen, and the final temperature of the productsof combustion.3.1.2 net heat of combustio
12、n, Qn (MJ/kg)the quantity ofenergy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constantpressure, with all of the products, including water, beinggaseous.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe fuel can be either liquid or solid,and contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogen, and sulfur. The produc
13、ts of combustion, in oxygen,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 200
14、7. Originallyapproved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 240 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
15、e onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.are carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and water,all in the gaseous state. In this procedure, the combustion takesplace at a constant pressure of 0.10
16、12 MPa (1 atm), and 25Cis the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen, and thefinal temperature of the products of combustion.3.1.3 The following relationships may be used for convert-ing to other units (conversion factor is exact only for Btu):1 cal (International Table calorie) = 4.1868 J1
17、Btu (British thermal unit) = 1055.06 J and refer to as factor not exact1 cal (I.T.)/g = 0.0041868 MJ/kg1 Btu/lb = 0.002326 MJ/kg3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 energy equivalent(effective heat capacity or waterequivalent) of the calorimeter is the energy required to raise th
18、etemperature 1 expressed as MJ/C.1 MJ/kg 5 1000 J/g (1)In SI, the unit of heat of combustion has the dimension J/kg,but for practical use a multiple is more convenient. The MJ/kgis customarily used for the representation of heats of combus-tion of petroleum fuels.NOTE 1The energy unit of measurement
19、 employed in this test methodis the joule with the heat of combustion reported in megajoules perkilogram.3.3 Symbols:3.3.1 The net heat of combustion is represented by thesymbol Qnand is related to the gross heat of combustion by thefollowing equation:Qnnet, 25C!5Qggross, 25C!20.2122 3 H (2)where:Qn
20、(net, 25C) = net heat of combustion at constantpressure, MJ/kg,Qg(gross, 25C) = gross heat of combustion at constantvolume, MJ/kg, andH = mass % of hydrogen in the sample.34. Summary of Test Method4.1 Heat of combustion is determined in this test method byburning a weighed sample in an oxygen bomb c
21、alorimeterunder controlled conditions. The heat of combustion is com-puted from temperature observations before, during, and aftercombustion, with proper allowance for thermochemical andheat transfer corrections. Either isothermal or adiabatic calo-rimeter jackets can be used.4.1.1 Temperatures can
22、be measured in degrees Celsius.4.1.1.1 Temperatures can be recorded in either degreesFahrenheit or ohms or other units when using electric ther-mometers. Use the same units in all calculations, includingstandardization.4.1.2 Time is expressed in calculations in minutes anddecimal fractions thereof.
23、It may be measured in minutes andseconds.4.1.3 Masses are measured in grams and no buoyancycorrections are applied.5. Significance and Use5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of the energyavailable from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essentialwhen considering the thermal efficiency of equip
24、ment forproducing either power or heat.5.2 The heat of combustion as determined by this testmethod is designated as one of the chemical and physicalrequirements of both commercial and military turbine fuels andaviation gasolines.5.3 The mass heat of combustion, the heat of combustionper unit mass of
25、 fuel, is a critical property of fuels intended foruse in weight-limited craft such as airplanes, surface effectvehicles, and hydrofoils. The range of such craft betweenrefueling is a direct function of the heat of combustion anddensity of the fuel.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Room, Bomb, Calorimeter, Jacke
26、t, Thermometers,and Accessories, as described in Annex A1.7. Reagents7.1 Benzoic Acid, Standard4Benzoic acid powder must becompressed into a tablet or pellet before weighing. Benzoicacid pellets for which the heat of combustion has beendetermined by comparison with the National Bureau of Stan-dards
27、sample are obtainable commercially for those laborato-ries not equipped to pellet benzoic acid.7.2 Gelatin Capsules.7.3 Methyl Orange or Methyl Red Indicator.7.4 Mineral Oil.7.5 OxygenCommerical oxygen produced from liquid aircan be used without purification. If purification is necessary,seeA1.11 (W
28、arningOxygen vigorously accelerates combus-tion. See A3.2.).7.6 Pressure-Sensitive TapeCellophane tape 38 mm (112in.) wide, free of chlorine and sulfur.7.7 Alkali, Standard Solution:7.7.1 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (0.0866 mol/L)Dissolve 3.5 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in water anddilute to 1 L. Sta
29、ndardize with potassium acid phthalate andadjust to 0.0866 mol/L as described in Practice E 200(WarningCorrosive. Can cause severe burns or blindness.Evolution of heat produces a violent reaction or eruption upontoo rapid mixture with water. See Annex A3.1.)7.7.2 Sodium Carbonate Solution (0.03625 m
30、ol/L)Dissolve 3.84 g of Na2CO3in water and dilute to 1 L.Standardize with potassium acid phthalate and adjust to0.03625 mol/L as described in Practice E 200.7.8 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane), Standard5(WarningExtremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled. Vaporsmay cause flash fire. See Annex A3.3.)3
31、Derivation of equations have been filed at ASTM Headquarters. RequestResearch Report RR: D02-1346.4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov asstandard sample No. 39.5Obtainable from the National In
32、stitute of Standards Technology as standardsample No. 217b.D 240 02 (2007)28. Standardization8.1 Determine the Energy Equivalent of the CalorimeterAverage not less than six tests using standard benzoic acid.6These tests should be spaced over a period of not less thanthree days. Use not less than 0.9
33、 g nor more than 1.1 gofstandard benzoic acid (C6H6COOH). Make each determinationaccording to the procedure described in Section 9 and computethe corrected temperature rise, t, as described in 10.1 or 10.2.Determine the corrections for nitric acid (HNO3) and firingwire as described in 10.3 and subst
34、itute in the followingequation:W 5 Q 3 g 1 e11 e2!/t (3)where:W = energy equivalent of calorimeter, MJ/C,Q = heat of combustion of standard benzoic acid, MJ/g,calculated from the certified value,g = weight of standard benzoic acid sample, g,t = corrected temperature rise, as calculated in 10.1 or10.
35、2,C,e1= correction for heat of formation of nitric acid, MJ,ande2= correction for heat of combustion of firing wire, MJ.8.1.1 Repeat the standardization tests after changing anypart of the calorimeter and occasionally as a check on bothcalorimeter and operating technique.8.2 Checking the Calorimeter
36、 for Use with Volatile FuelsUse 2,2,4-trimethylpentane to determine whether the resultsobtained agree with the certified value (47.788 MJ/kg, weightin air) within the repeatability of the test method. If results donot come within this range, the technique of handling thesample may have to be changed
37、 (Annex A1.8). If this is notpossible or does not correct the error, run a series of tests using2,2,4-trimethylpentane to establish the energy equivalent foruse with volatile fuels.8.3 Heat of Combustion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape orGelatin/Mineral OilDetermine the heat of combustion ofeither the pr
38、essure-sensitive tape or 0.5 g gelatin capsule/mineral oil in accordance with Section 9 using about 1.2 g oftape or 0.5 g gelatin capsule/mineral oil and omitting thesample. Make at least three determinations and calculate theheat of combustion as follows:Qpst5 Dt 3 W 2 e1!/1000 a (4)where:Qpst= hea
39、t of combustion of the pressure-sensitive tape ormineral oil, MJ/kg,Dt = corrected temperature rise, as calculated in accor-dance with 10.1 or 10.2,C,W = energy equivalent of the calorimeter, MJ/C,e1= correction for the heat of formation of HNO3, MJ,anda = mass of the pressure-sensitive tape or gela
40、tincapsule/mineral oil, g.Average the determinations, and redetermine the heat ofcombustion of the tape or gelatin capsule/mineral oil whenevera new roll or batch is started.9. Procedure9.1 Weight of SampleControl the weight of sample (in-cluding any auxiliary fuel) so that the temperature rise pro-
41、duced by its combustion will be equal to that of 0.9 to 1.1 gofbenzoic acid (Note 2). Weigh the sample to the nearest 0.1 mg.NOTE 2If the approximate heat of combustion of the sample isknown, the required weight can be estimated as follows:g 5 26.454/Qs(5)where:g = mass of sample, g, andQs= MJ/kg.So
42、me fuels contain water and particulate matter (ash) thatwill degrade calorimetric values. If the heat of combustion isrequired on a clean fuel, filter the sample to remove free waterand insoluble ash before testing.9.1.1 For highly volatile fluids, reduce loss with use of tapeor gelatin capsule mine
43、ral oil.NOTE 3Acceptable procedures for handling volatile liquids includethose described in the reports referenced at the end of this test method.References (1-6) describe glass sample holders: (7) describes a metalsample holder: (8) describes a gelatin sample holder.9.1.2 TapePlace a piece of press
44、ure-sensitive tape acrossthe top of the cup, trim around the edge with a razor blade, andseal tightly. Place 3 by 12-mm strip of tape creased in themiddle and sealed by one edge in the center of the tape disk togive a flap arrangement. Weigh the cup and tape. Remove fromthe balance with forceps. Fil
45、l a hypodermic syringe with thesample. The volume of sample can be estimated as follows:V 5 W 3 0.00032!/Q 3 D! (6)where:V = volume of sample to be used, mL,W = energy equivalent of calorimeter, J/C,Q = approximate heat of combustion of the sample, MJ/kg,andD = density, kg/m3, of the sample.9.1.2.1
46、Add the sample to the cup by inserting the tip of theneedle through the tape disk at a point so that the flap of tapewill cover the puncture upon removal of the needle. Seal downthe flap by pressing lightly with a metal spatula. Reweigh thecup with the tape and sample. Take care throughout theweighi
47、ng and filling operation to avoid contacting the tape orcup with bare fingers. Place the cup in the curved electrode andarrange the fuse wire so that the central portion of the looppresses down on the center of the tape disk.9.1.3 Gelatin/Mineral OilWeigh the cup and gelatin cap-sule. The capsule sh
48、ould only be handled with forceps.Add thesample to the capsule. Reweigh the cup with capsule andsample. If poor combustion is expected with the capsule, addseveral drops of mineral oil on the capsule and reweigh the cupand contents. Place the cup in the curved electrode and arrangethe fuse wire so t
49、hat the central portion of the loop contacts thecapsule and oil.6See Jessup, R. S., “Precise Measurement of Heat of Combustion with a BombCalorimeter,” NBS Monograph 7, U. S. Government Printing Office.D 240 02 (2007)39.2 Water in BombAdd 1.0 mLof water to the bomb froma pipet.9.3 OxygenWith the test sample and fuse in place, slowlycharge the bomb with oxygen to 3.0-MPa (30-atm) gagepressure at room temperature (9.3.1). Do not purge the bomb toremove entrapped air (WarningBe careful not to overchargethe bomb. If, by accident, the oxyge
