1、Designation: D 1545 07Standard Test Method forViscosity of Transparent Liquids by Bubble Time Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1545; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of t
3、he viscos-ity in bubble seconds by timing. The bubble seconds areapproximately equal to stokes for most liquids.1.2 The test method is applicable to transparent liquids thatare free from crystalline or gel particles.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of m
4、easurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
5、limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 viscosity, nthe resistance experienced by one por-tion of a liquid moving over another portion of the liquid. Theabsolute unit of viscosity in the cgs, centimeter-gram-second,system is the poise which is expressed as dyne-seconds persquare
6、 centimetre. Stokes are equal to poises divided bydensity. The absolute SI, International System of Units (metricsystem), viscosity unit is the pascal-second.3. Apparatus3.1 Constant-Temperature BathAny suitable bath capableof maintaining temperature at 25 6 0.1C with water as thebath medium.3.2 Sta
7、ndard Viscosity Tubes of clear glass and with flatbottoms, 10.65 6 0.025 mm in inside diameter; 114 6 1mmin outside length. Plainly legible lines shall be located asfollows (Note 1):27 6 0.5 mm100 6 0.5 mm108 6 0.5 mmThe distance between the first and second lines shall be 73 60.5 mm.NOTE 1All dista
8、nces shall be measured from the outside bottom ofthe tube.3.3 Reference StandardsA series of standard viscositytubes (3.2) filled with transparent liquids having predeterminedviscosities in stokes and bubble seconds and spaced in loga-rithmically even increments of about 26 % (log 1.260 = 0.100),as
9、listed in Table 1. The standards shall be marked alphabeti-cally or numerically as shown in Table 1 without reference tostokes or bubble time (Note 2). Also listed in Table 1, forgeneral and historical reference only, is the long establishedseries of Gardner-Holdt letter standards, in tubes that do
10、nothave the three lines and are shorter than the standard viscositytubes described in 3.2.NOTE 2For convenience, the reference standards can be divided inthree series: light series, 15 tubes marked 0.22 to 8.0; heavy series, 14tubes marked 10 to 200; and very heavy series, 7 tubes, marked 250 to1000
11、.3.4 Timing DeviceStopwatch or electric stop clock ca-pable of being read to a precision of 0.1 s.3.5 Tube Racks, capable of inverting one or more viscositytubes 180 to within 1 of a vertical position while rack andtubes are immersed in the constant temperature bath.3.6 Viscosity Tube Corks, No. 2 s
12、hort.4. Procedure4.1 Fill a standard viscosity tube with the material to betested to approximately level with the 108-mm line.4.2 Transfer the tube to a constant 25C temperature bathwith the cork loosely inserted. Hold at this temperature for 10min.NOTE 3Adequate control of the temperature bath is e
13、ssential. Avariation of 0.1C in the temperature of the bath will cause a 1 % variationin the timed bubble travel.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.33 on Polym
14、ers and Resins.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 1545 98 whichwas withdrawn March 2007 and reinstated in July 2007.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
15、 PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3 At the end of 10 min adjust the level of the liquid so thatthe bottom meniscus will be level with the 100-mm line. Insertthe cork so that the bottom of the cork is on the level with the108-mm line. This will ensure a bubble of suitable and uniformsize.4.4 Insert the
16、 tube in the rack and immerse in the 25Cwater bath. Allow the tube(s) to stand with cork down in thebath a minimum of 20 min before determining the viscosity.NOTE 4For viscosities of liquids that have a timed bubble travel of4 s or less, more precise results can be obtained by comparison againstrefe
17、rence standards having a predetermined viscosity or timed bubbletravel.4.5 To read, invert the tube quickly and determine the timerequired for the bubble to rise in seconds. When determiningthe time in seconds start the timing device when the top of thebubble becomes tangent to the 27-mm line on the
18、 tube. Stopthe timing when the top of the bubble becomes tangent with the100-mm line. This gives a 73-mm timed bubble travel. Alltimings shall be made with the tube in an exact verticalposition.NOTE 5Positioning of the tube in a vertical position is mandatory. Atube one radius off the vertical will
19、give an error of approximately 10 %in the time of bubble travel.5. Report5.1 Report the following information:5.1.1 The viscosity obtained by the timing method ex-pressed as “bubble seconds” or “approximate stokes.”NOTE 6The time in seconds or “bubble seconds” is an approximatemeasurement of stokes
20、when the bubble time method is applied to mostraw materials and finished products encountered by the paint, varnish, andlacquer industries. This relationship does not hold for silicones or waterdispersions of gums or similar materials. Viscosity results by this testmethod are influenced by non-Newto
21、nian behavior and by surface tension.Other variations on bubble-tube viscometers are described in ASTM STP500, Section 3.2.9.26. Precision and Bias6.1 PrecisionOn the basis of an interlaboratory study3ofthis test method in which ten laboratories tested liquids rangingin viscosity from 4.5 to 440 St,
22、 the following criteria should beused for judging the acceptability of results at the 95 %confidence level:6.1.1 Two results obtained by the same operator should beconsidered suspect if they differ by more than 4.9 % relative.6.1.2 Two results, each the mean of duplicates, obtained byoperators in di
23、fferent laboratories should be considered suspectif they differ by more than 9.0 % relative.6.2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthis test method because no materials having an acceptedreference value is available.7. Keywords7.1 Gardner-Holdt; GH viscosity; viscosity2Paint Testing M
24、anual, ASTM STP 500, ASTM, 1972.3See Holt, K. E., Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 57, 1957, pp. 297300, and OffcialDigest, Federation of Societies for Paint Technology, Vol 30, May 1958, pp.540543.TABLE 1 Recommended Numerical Standards for ComparatorViscosity TubesABubbleSecondsBTubeCNumberStokesGardner-Hol
25、dtLetterBubbleSecondsBandTubeCNumberStokesGardner-HoldtLetter 0.10 10 10W 0.13 13 13 XA3 0.16 16 16Y 0.20 20 200.75 0.22 A2Z 0.25 25 25Z1 0.32 A1 32 320.81 0.34Z2 0.40 40 40Z30.90 0.50 0.50 A 50 50 0.63 63 63B Z41.00 0.68 0.80 80 80C1.15 0.92Z5 1.00 D 100 1001.30 1.15 1.25 E 125 125F1.55 1.45 Z6 1.6
26、0 160 160G1.85 1.80 2.00 H 200 2002.20 2.15I 2.50 J 250 2502.65D 2.65DKL3.20 3.20 3.20 M 320 320NOZ74.00 4.00 4.00 P 400 400QR5.00 5.00 5.00 S 500 500TZ86.30 6.30 6.30 U 630 6308.00 8.00 8.00 800 800Z9V10.0 10.0 10.0 1000 1000Z10AArranged to show relationship between stokes, bubble seconds, and Gard
27、ner-Holdt letters. Stokes are shown in logarithmic progression.BThe bubble time, in seconds, of the numerical tubes under 4 s was determinedby a technique employing a movie camera.CFor reference purposes only. Numbered tubes are no longer commerciallyavailable.DAbove 2.65 the bubble seconds as measu
28、red by the kinematic method areapproximately equivalent for most products. Below 2.65 this relationship does nothold. Editorially corrected.D1545072ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users
29、of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every fi
30、ve years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical
31、committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D1545073
