1、Designation: A 609/A 609M 91 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Practice forCastings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic StainlessSteel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof1This standard is issued under the fixed designationA609/A609M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defen
3、se.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers the standards and procedures forthe pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heat-treated carbon,low-alloy, and martensitic stainless steel castings by thelongitudinal-beam technique.1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry,contract, order, or specificatio
4、n states that castings are to besubjected to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Prac-tice A 609/A 609M.1.3 This practice contains two procedures for ultrasonicinspection of carbon, low-alloy, and martensitic stainless steelcastings; that is, Procedure A and Procedure B. Procedure A isthe orig
5、inal A 609/A 609M practice and requires calibrationusing a series of test blocks containing flat bottomed holes. Italso provides supplementary requirements for angle beamtesting. Procedure B requires calibration using a back wallreflection from a series of solid calibration blocks.NOTE 1Ultrasonic e
6、xamination and radiography are not directlycomparable. This examination technique is intended to complement GuideE94in the detection of discontinuities.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in bra
7、ckets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system mustbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with this practice.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, assoc
8、iated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:A 217/A217M Specification for Steel Castings, MartensiticSt
9、ainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suit-able for High-Temperature Service3E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination4E 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristicsof Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Examination Instruments andSystems Without the Use of Electronic MeasurementInstruments42.
10、2 Other Document:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Non-DestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and Certification53. Ordering Information3.1 The inquiry and order should specify which procedure isto be used. If a procedure is not specified, ProcedureAshall beused.3.2 Procedure AFlat-Bottomed Hole
11、 Calibration Proce-dure:3.2.1 When this practice is to be applied to an inquiry,contract, or order, the purchaser shall furnish the followinginformation:3.2.1.1 Quality levels for the entire casting or portionsthereof,3.2.1.2 Sections of castings requiring longitudinal-beamexamination,3.2.1.3 Sectio
12、ns of castings requiring dual element exami-nation,3.2.1.4 Sections of castings requiring supplementary exami-nation, using the angle-beam procedure described in Supple-mentary Requirement S1 in order to achieve more completeexamination, and3.2.1.5 Any requirements additional to the provisions of th
13、ispractice.3.3 Procedure B: Back-Wall Reflection CalibrationProcedureWhen this procedure is to be applied to an inquiry,contract, or order, the purchaser shall designate the qualitylevels for the entire casting or applicable portions.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on
14、Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current edition approved March 10, 2002. Published July 1992. Originallypublished as A 609 70. Last previous edition A 609/A 609M 90.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see
15、 related Specifi-cation SA-609 of Section II of that Code.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.5Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, P.O. Box 28518,1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
16、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.PROCEDURE AFLAT-BOTTOMED HOLECALIBRATION PROCEDURE4. Apparatus4.1 Electronic Apparatus:4.1.1 An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrumentthat is capable of generating, receiving, and amplifying fre-quencies of at le
17、ast 1 to 5 MHz.4.1.2 The ultrasonic instrument shall provide linear presen-tation (within 65 %) for at least 75 % of the screen height(sweep line to top of screen). Linearity shall be determined inaccordance with Practice E 317 or equivalent electronic means.4.1.3 The electronic apparatus shall cont
18、ain a signal attenu-ator or calibrated gain control that shall be accurate over itsuseful range to 610 % of the nominal attenuation or gain ratioto allow measurement of signals beyond the linear range of theinstrument.4.2 Search Units:4.2.1 Longitudinal Wave, internally grounded, havingato1! in. 13
19、to 28 mm diameter or 1-in. 25-mm squarepiezo-electric elements. Based on the signals-to-noise ratio ofthe response pattern of the casting, a frequency in the rangefrom 1 to 5 MHz shall be used. The background noise shall notexceed 25 % of the distance amplitude correction curve(DAC). Transducers sha
20、ll be utilized at their rated frequencies.4.2.2 Dual-Element, 5-MHz, by 1-in. 13 by 25-mm, 12included angle search units are recommended for sections 1 in.25 mm and under.4.2.3 Other frequencies and sizes of search units may beused for evaluating and pinpointing indications.4.3 Reference Blocks:4.3.
21、1 Reference blocks containing flat-bottom holes shall beused to establish test sensitivity in accordance with 8.2.4.3.2 Reference blocks shall be made from cast steels thatgive an acoustic response similar to the castings being exam-ined.4.3.3 The design of reference blocks shall be in accordancewit
22、h Fig. 1, and the basic set shall consist of those blocks listedin Table 1. When section thicknesses over 15 in. 380-mm areto be inspected, an additional block of the maximum testthickness shall be made to supplement the basic set.4.3.4 Machined blocks with332-in. 2.4-mm diameter flat-bottom holes a
23、t depths from the entry surface of18 in. 3 mm,12 in. 13 mm, or12 t and34 in. 19 mm, or34 t (where t =thickness of the block) shall be used to establish the DAC forthe dual-element search units (see Fig. 2).4.3.5 Each reference block shall be permanently identifiedalong the side of the block indicati
24、ng the material and the blockidentification.4.4 CouplantA suitable couplant having good wettingcharacteristics shall be used between the search unit andexamination surface. The same couplant shall be used forcalibrations and examinations.5. Personnel Requirements5.1 The manufacturer shall be respons
25、ible for assigningqualified personnel to perform ultrasonic examination in con-formance with the requirements of this practice.5.2 Personnel performing ultrasonic examinations in accor-dance with this practice shall be familiar with the following:5.2.1 Ultrasonic terminology,5.2.2 Instrument calibra
26、tion,5.2.3 Effect of transducer material, size, frequency, andmode on test results,5.2.4 Effect of material structure (grain size, cleanliness,etc.) on test results,5.2.5 Effect of test distance on test results,5.2.6 Effect of nonlinearity on test results,5.2.7 Effect of thickness and orientation of
27、 discontinuitieson test results, andNOTE 1Opposite ends of reference block shall be flat and parallelwithin 0.001 in. 0.025 mm.NOTE 2Bottom of flat-bottom hole shall be flat within 0.002-in.0.051 mm and the finished diameter shall be14 + 0.002 in. 6.4 +0.050.NOTE 3Hole shall be straight and perpendi
28、cular to entry surfacewithin 0, 30 min and located within132 in. 0.80 mm of longitudinalaxis.NOTE 4Counter bore shall be12 in. 15.0 mm diameter by18 in. 5mm deep.FIG. 1 Ultrasonic Standard Reference BlockTABLE 1 Dimensions and Identification of Reference Blocks inthe Basic Set (See Fig. 1)Hole Diame
29、terin164 ths, in.mmMetalDistance(B),in.AmmOverallLength(C),in.mmWidth orDiameter(D), min,in. mmBlockIdentifi-cationNumber16 6.4 1 25 134 45 2 50 16-010016 6.4 2 50 234 70 2 50 16-020016 6.4 3 75 334 95 2 50 16-030016 6.4 6 150 634 170 3 75 16-060016 6.4 10 255 1034 275 4 100 16-100016 6.4 B B +34 B
30、+ 20 5 125 16-B00BATolerance 618 in. 3 mm.BAdditional supplemental blocks for testing thickness greater than 10 in. 250mm, see 4.3.3.A 609/A 609M 91 (2002)25.2.8 Effect of surface roughness on test results.5.3 A qualification record (see Note 2) of personnel consid-ered suitable by the manufacturer
31、to perform examinations inaccordance with this practice shall be available upon request.NOTE 2SNT-TC-1A, Ultrasonic Testing Method, provides a recom-mended procedure for qualifying personnel. Other personnel qualificationrequirement documents may by used when agreed upon between thepurchaser and the
32、 supplier.6. Casting Conditions6.1 Castings shall receive at least an austenitizing heattreatment before being ultrasonically examined.6.2 Test surfaces of castings shall be free of material thatwill interfere with the ultrasonic examination. They may be ascast, blasted, ground, or machined.6.3 The
33、ultrasonic examination shall be conducted prior tomachining that prevents an effective examination of the cast-ing.7. Test Conditions7.1 To assure complete coverage of the specified castingsection, each pass of the search unit shall overlap by at least10 % of the width of the transducer.7.2 The rate
34、 of scanning shall not exceed 6 in./s 150 mm/s.7.3 The ultrasonic beam shall be introduced perpendicularto the examination surface.8. Procedure8.1 Adjust the instrument controls to position the first backreflection for the thickness to be tested at least one half of thedistance across the cathode ra
35、y tube.8.2 Using the set of reference blocks spanning the thicknessof the casting being inspected, mark the flat-bottom holeindication height for each of the applicable blocks on thecathode ray tube shield. Draw a curve through these marks onthe screen or on suitable graph paper. The maximum signala
36、mplitude for the test blocks used shall peak at approximatelythree-fourths of the screen height above the sweep by use of theattenuator. This curve shall be referred to as the 100 % distanceamplitude correction (DAC) curve. If the attenuation of ultra-sound in the casting thickness being examined is
37、 such that thesystems dynamic range is exceeded, segmented DAC curvesare permitted.8.3 The casting examination surface will normally berougher than that of the test blocks; consequently, employ atransfer mechanism to provide approximate compensation. Inorder to accomplish this, first select a region
38、 of the casting thathas parallel walls and a surface condition representative of therest of the casting as a transfer point. Next, select the test blockwhose overall length, C (Fig. 1), most closely matches thereflection amplitude through the block length. Place the searchunit on the casting at the
39、transfer point and adjust theinstrument gain until the back reflection amplitude through thecasting matches that through the test block. Using this transfertechnique, the examination sensitivity in the casting may beexpected to be within 630 % or less of that given by the testblocks.8.4 Do not chang
40、e those instrument controls and the testfrequency set during calibration, except the attenuator, orcalibrated gain control, during acceptance examination of agiven thickness of the casting. Make a periodic calibrationNOTE 1Entrant surface shall be 250 in. 6.3 m or finer.NOTE 2 The332-in. 2.4 mm flat
41、-bottom hole must be flat within 0.002 in. 0.05 mm. Diameter must be within +0.005 in. 0.13 mm of the requireddiameter. Hole axis must be perpendicular to the block and within an angle of 0, 30 min.NOTE 3Hole shall be plugged following checking for ultrasonic response.in. mm in. mm18 3 114 3214 6 11
42、2 3812 13 134 4434 19.0 2 501 25 10 254FIG. 2 Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block for Dual-Search Unit CalibrationA 609/A 609M 91 (2002)3during the inspection by checking the amplitude of responsefrom the14-in. 6.4-mm diameter flat-bottom hole in the testblock utilized for the transfer.NOTE 3The att
43、enuator or calibrated gain control may be used tochange the signal amplitude during examination to permit small amplitudesignals to be more readily detected. Signal evaluation is made by returningthe attenuator or calibrated gain control to its original setting.8.5 During examination of areas of the
44、 casting havingparallel walls, recheck areas showing 75 % or greater loss ofback reflection to determine whether loss of back reflection isdue to poor contact, insufficient couplant, misoriented discon-tinuity, etc. If the reason for loss of back reflection is notevident, consider the area questiona
45、ble and further investigate.9. Report9.1 The manufacturers report of final ultrasonic examina-tion shall contain the following data and shall be furnished tothe purchaser:9.1.1 The total number, location, amplitude, and area whenpossible to delineate boundaries by monitoring the movementof the cente
46、r of the search unit of all indications equal to orgreater than 100 % of the DAC,9.1.2 Questionable areas from 8.5 that, upon further inves-tigation, are determined to be caused by discontinuities,9.1.3 The examination frequency, type of instrument, typesof search units employed, couplant, manufactu
47、rers identifyingnumbers, purchasers order number, and data and authorizedsignature, and9.1.4 A sketch showing the physical outline of the casting,including dimensions of all areas not inspected due to geomet-ric configuration, with the location and sizes of all indicationsin accordance with 9.1.1 an
48、d 9.1.2.10. Acceptance Standards10.1 This practice is intended for application to castingswith a wide variety of sizes, shapes, compositions, meltingprocesses, foundry practices, and applications. Therefore, it isimpractical to specify an ultrasonic quality level that would beuniversally applicable
49、to such a diversity of products. Ultra-sonic acceptance or rejection criteria for individual castingsshould be based on a realistic appraisal of service requirementsand the quality that can normally be obtained in production ofthe particular type of casting.10.2 Acceptance quality levels shall be established betweenthe purchaser and the manufacturer on the basis of one or moreof the following criteria:10.2.1
