1、专业八级模拟613及答案解析 (总分：194.10，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTU(总题数：1，分数：30.00)How to Approach a Dissertation. What is a dissertation A. A piece of writing with argument: analyze the evidence to support or contradict all kinds of 1 B. An academic writing: something fres
2、h and 2 of your abilities to analyze and synthesize . Some fundamental 3 of the dissertation A. Plan the word limits and 4 B. Contain a detailed exploration of evidence from published texts to primary 5 C. Be clear about the nature of the methodology for 6 D. Present it in a finished manner know abo
3、ut format, layout and 7 of the task . How to manage your supervisor A. Discuss the amount of contact and support you need B. Discuss the 8 C. Set up 9 or pairings D. Supervise progress with a(n) 10 E. Evaluate and respond to the supervisors 11 . The importance of 12 A. Draw a timetable be with the t
4、horough information of the 13 B. Rearrange your time find time for study, 14 or entertainment C. Fill in personal dissertation periods 15 being the key to meet deadline （分数：30.00）三、SECTION B INTERVIEW(总题数：2，分数：10.00)（分数：5.00）A.9 years.B.19 years.C.20 years.D.30 years.A.Alexis is good at acting and s
5、inging.B.Alexis plays a leading role in every film he acts.C.Alexis is an easy-going and passionate actor.D.Alexiss craft in acting needs to be improved.A.When he was 9.B.When he was 20.C.When he was 18.D.When he was 22.A.His interest in acting.B.His talent in acting.C.His cute appearance.D.The dire
6、ctors remarks.A.Severe and impromptu.B.Severe and tedious.C.Severe and easy.D.Severe and inordinate.（分数：5.00）A.Great advancement.B.No improvement.C.Success.D.Failure.A.Liberia.B.Sierra Leone.C.Syria.D.Sudan.A.The progress of the disease is slowing.B.There are not enough operational efforts on the gr
7、ound.C.Patients are not recovering.D.The efforts around treatment and containment are not working.A.The health care infrastructures are very weak.B.The spread wasnt contained more quickly some months ago.C.The USAIDs Office didnt take enough donation.D.People are afraid to provide treatment.A.Becaus
8、e health workers are also highly vulnerable to the infection of Ebola.B.Because treatment workers can open up more treatment facilities by training.C.Because the disease is outpacing the operational efforts on ground.D.Because health workers are unwilling to step forward and help.四、PART READING COMP
9、R(总题数：1，分数：100.00)Section A In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
10、 Passage One Distant indeed seem the days when the two great rivals of commercial aviation, Boeing and Airbus, would use big air shows to trumpet hundreds of new orders. This years Paris Air Show was a much more sombre affair, even if the Boeing-Airbus feud still took centre stage. There were one or
11、 two bright spots. Airbus was able to boast of a firm order for ten of its wide-body A350s from AirAsia X. John Leahy, its top salesman, expects deliveries in 2009 to match the record 483 in 2008. Boeing, which was hit by a prolonged strike last year, will probably deliver more aircraft this year th
12、an last. Both firms built up huge backlogs in the fat years: each has orders for about 3,500 planes. But many of those may soon evaporate. Giovanni Bisignani, the boss of IATA, the trade body that speaks for most airlines, gave warning earlier this month that his members might defer as many as 30% o
13、f aircraft deliveries next year. He also almost doubled his forecast for the industrys cumulative losses in 2009, to $ 9 billion. Both Mr. Leahy and Jim McNerney, the chief executive of Boeing, think that Mr. Bisignani is overdoing the gloom. But they concede that potential customers may find purcha
14、ses hard to finance. Another issue is the cost of fuel. Mr. McNerney thinks the recent increase in the oil price should encourage carriers to replace elderly gas guzzlers with efficient new planes. But if the price spikes over $ 100 all bets are off. The two aviation giants agree on one other thing:
15、 the industry will not get a successor to its ubiquitous short-haul workhorses, the 737 and the A320, for more than a decade. That is partly because the 15-20% efficiency gain that airlines say they want from the next generation is, says Mr. McNerney, a bar that keeps moving north thanks to the cont
16、inuous improvements of 1-2% a year that the manufacturers are making to existing planes. Moreover, both Boeing and Airbus are conserving cash for a long and bitter scrap to dominate the market for long-haul aircraft with up to 350 seats. Boeings troubled 787 Dreamliner will at last take to the air t
17、his month, two years late. The production problems that stemmed from both the revolutionary use of composites and an extended global supply chain appear to have been overcome. To speed up deliveries of the 787, for which Boeing has received more than 860 orders, Mr. McNerney is planning a second ass
18、embly line. The delays to the 787 have been a godsend for Airbus. Its rival, the slightly bigger A350, is on track to fly in early 2012 after a painful gestation. With nearly 500 orders, Airbus claims that the A350 is selling even faster than the record-breaking 787 did at the same stage in its deve
19、lopment. The biggest concern for Boeing, however, is not that the A350 will take sales from the 787, but that its largest variant, the A350-1000, will be a strong rival to its successful 777. Mr McNerney says that Boeing can afford to wait and see how great a threat the biggest A350 is. But accordin
20、g to Airbus executives, Boeing will be faced with the dilemma of merely upgrading the 777 or taking the bigger and more costly step of building a replacement. The A350 and the 787 are at the heart of the long-running and acrimonious dispute between Boeing and Airbus at the World Trade Organisation (
21、WTO) over state subsidies for large commercial aircraft. This week European governments declared that they were ready to contribute 3.5 billion ($ 4.9 billion) of reimbursable launch aid to the 11 billion cost of developing the A350. The announcement had Boeing executives scurrying to their BlackBer
22、rys to condemn what they saw as a provocative move given that the WTO is expected to issue a ruling on Boeings complaint within weeks (a ruling on a counter-complaint by Airbus is due later in the year). Louis Gallois, the chief executive of EADS, the parent company of Airbus, denied there was anyth
23、ing odd about the timing: We do not plead guilty, he said. Our support is much more transparent than Boeings. We have fully repaid with interest the support we received for the A320 and A330 and we are already paying back on the A380 (super-jumbo). Tom Enders, the chief executive of Airbus, added th
24、at the aid was aimed only at levelling the playing field and that the European Union had described the 787 as the most subsidised commercial aircraft in history. (此文选自 The Economist)Passage Two Scientist, engineer, musician and great artist, Leonardo da Vinci is the archetypal Renaissance man. This
25、undisputed genius, who lived to be 67, was also one of historys most accomplished underachievers. He started many projects he did not finish; he accepted commissions he never began; his many planned treatises remained just notes. Only 18 of his paintings survive. Half of them are included in a show
26、that opened on November 9th at Londons National Gallery, making this the most important da Vinci display ever. The artist was born near Florence in 1452 and went to Milan at the age of 30. Luke Syson, the shows curator, has come to believe that the freedom da Vinci enjoyed there as court painter to
27、Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, was the key that unlocked his genius. Mr. Sysons contention that Leonardos great breakthrough came in Milan and not later in Florence, as has generally been accepted until now, has captivated curators, collectors and museum directors who have been generous in loaning
28、works to the show; from the Vatican, Prague, Cracow, Paris and the Royal Collection. All the pictures on show were painted during da Vincis 18 years in Milan. Never has it been possible to see so many of da Vincis paintings together. There are also some 50 drawings, including the monumental Virgin a
29、nd Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist (sometimes called The Burlington House Cartoon). The one picture missing from this period is The Last Supper, which is painted on a wall. This work, which is badly damaged, is represented here by a large photograph and a near-contemporary (though f
30、ar inferior) copy. In pages from a notebook da Vincis slanted mirror writing describes the guests at a dinner. With a novelists interest in detail, he carefully observed the shrug of one mans shoulders, the position of anothers hands, the scowl on one face and the frown on yet one more. The exhibiti
31、on is arranged thematically; in addition to Beauty and Love, there is also Character and Emotion and Body and Soul. The visitor quickly comes face to face with the portrait of Cecilia Gallerani, also known as The Lady with an Ermine. Although the image is familiar from reproductions, the radiance of
32、 the painting is surprising. Further along is an unfinished, yet searing, Saint Jerome. For the first time, both versions of The Virgin of the Rocks, one the National Gallerys own and the other belonging to the Louvre, are shown together. The two versions hang at opposite ends of the long exhibition
33、 space. The more one looks at the two pictures, the more visible are the differences between them; the strangely formed rocks in the Louvres version create a protective atmosphere, whereas in the National Gallerys painting the rocks seem quite eerie, contributing to the overall sepulchral feel of th
34、e work. As a philosopher and scientist, da Vinci strove to understand what he observed in his close studies of nature. Art was an expression of his thoughts. The Lady with an Ermine shows the Duke of Milans teenage mistress in a fashionable red gown, its slit sleeves revealing a pale underdress. Da
35、Vinci, always fascinated by knots, carefully details the way the black ribbons are tied on Cecilias left sleeve. Her right arm is in shadow. The ties on that sleeve are sketchy. The artist has taken into account his observation that visual acuity declines in the dark. The brain fills in necessary in
36、formation. The sketchiness of the right sleeve helps bring the portrait to life, creating what Walter Pater, a 19th-century British essayist and art critic, described as a reality which almost amounts to illusion. Da Vinci would sometimes spend years thinking about a single painting. Mr. Syson hopes
37、 visitors to the National Gallery will, in turn, look long and hard at these works. Advance tickets for entry to the end of the year had sold out by the opening day. The show does not close until February 5th 2012, but advance tickets for its final weeks are going fast. Meanwhile, the only way to ge
38、t in now is to queue for one of the 500 tickets being held back for sale each morning. The security checks are elaborate, but the wait is well worth it. (此文选自 The Economist)Passage Three One of the paradoxes of human biology is that the rich world has fewer children than the poor world. In most spec
39、ies, improved circumstances are expected to increase reproductive effort, not reduce it, yet as economic development gets going, country after country has experienced what is known as the demographic transition: fertility (defined as the number of children borne by a woman over her lifetime) drops f
40、rom around eight to near one and a half. That number is so small that even with the reduced child mortality which usually accompanies development it cannot possibly sustain the population. This reproductive collapse is particularly worrying because it comes in combination with an increase in life ex
41、pectancy which suggests that, by the middle of the century, not only will populations in the most developed countries have shrunk (unless they are propped up by historically huge levels of immigration) but also that the number of retired individuals supported by each person of working age will incre
42、ase significantly. If Mikko Myrskyla of the University of Pennsylvania and his colleagues are correct, though, things might not be quite as bad as that. A study they have just published in Nature suggests that as development continues, the demographic transition goes into reverse. Dr. Myrskyla compa
43、red two things. One was the total fertility rate (the number of children that would be born to a woman in a particular country over the course of her life if she experienced the age-specific fertility rates observed in that country during the calendar year in question). The other was the human devel
44、opment index for that country. The HDI, a measure used by the United Nations, has three components: life expectancy; average income per person; and level of education. Its maximum possible value is one. Back in the 1970s, no country got anywhere near one. Of the 107 places the researchers looked at,
45、 the best was Canada, with an HDI of 0.89. By 2005, however, things had improved markedly. Two dozen of what were now 240 countries had HDIs above nineand something else remarkable had happened. Back in 1975, a graph plotting fertility rate against the HDI fell as the HDI rose. By 2005, though, the
46、line had a kink in it. Above an HDI of 0.9 or so, it turned up, producing what is known in the jargon as a J-shaped curve (even though it is the mirror image of a letter J). In many countries with really high levels of development (around 0.95) fertility rates are now approaching two children per wo
47、man. There are exceptions, notably Canada and Japan, but the trend is clear. Why this change has come about, and why the demographic transition happens in the first place, are matters of debate. There are lots of social explanations of why fertility rates fall as countries become richer. The increas
48、ing ability of women in the developed world to control their own reproductive output is one, as is the related phenomenon of women entering the workplace in large numbers. The increasing cost of raising children in a society with more material abundance plays a part. So does the substitution of nationalised social-security systems for the support of offspring in old age. Falling rates of child mortality are also significant. Conversely, Dr. Myrskyla speculates that the introduction of female-friendly employment policies in the most developed countries allows women to have
