1、专业八级-1000 及答案解析(总分：93.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Meaning in LiteratureIn reading literary works, we are concerned with the “meaning“ of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue.There are thre
2、e ways to tackle meaning in literature. Meaning is what is intended by (1) _ (1) _Apart from reading an authors work in question, readers need to1) read (2) _ by the same author; (2) _2) get familiar with (3) _at the time; (3) _3) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time. Meaning exists “
3、in“ the text itself.1) some peoples view: meaning is produced by the formal properties of the text like (4) _, etc. (4) _2) speakers view: meaning is created by both conventions ofmeaning and (5) _ (5) _Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditions and conventions of usage. B
4、ut different time periods (8) _2) meaning is contextual;3) meaning requires (9) _; (9) _practicing competency in readingpracticing other eompetenciesbackground research in (10) _, etc. (10) _（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1)
5、.Which of the following statements about Doctor David Ho is correct?A. He was Time magazines man of the year in 2006 for his achievement.B. Hes a scientific director for AIDS Treatment at Rockefeller University.C. He was the lead researcher in the new study against AIDS.D. He was skeptical of the re
6、sults of the new study.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What did this study accomplish?A. The study allows doctors to control the part of HIV thats active in the body quite well.B. The hidden pool of HIV is named as the reservior through this study.C. The hidden pool of HIV is lowered modestly in the four patie
7、nts.D. The hidden pool of HIV could be reduced more than 80 percent.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What does Doctor David Ho say about the measurement of the test results?A. modest B. not so accurateC. not so cautious D. interesting（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What does the implication of the study?A. The results of
8、the study show that it is a step in the direction of a possible cure of AIDS.B. The results of the study show that the sleeping cells could be activated by this drug.C. The results of the study show that the drugs could get at the virus in the sleeping cells.D. The results of the study show that the
9、 risk of the AIDS will not go away.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What will the future study in this respect be like according to Doctor David Ho?A. More patients will be studied to see if the observation of the study could be confirmedB. The scientists will not be so careful or cautious in carrying out such
10、research.C. All the studies will reach 50 or 100 patients before we know more about this particular technique.D. The scientists will experiment on other particular techniques other than the one used in this study.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、SECTION C(总题数：3，分数：5.00)(1).Due to high oil prices, the global econo
11、mic recovery _.A. had been speeding up B. had been balancedC. had been uneven D. had been destroyed（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Action must be taken to address high oil prices particularly in _.A. rich countries using lots of oil B. African countriesC. Asian countries D. poor countries using lots of oil（分数：
12、1.00）A.B.C.D.(1).Who are responsible for setting the goals for public school teaching in America?A. Chief state school officers. B. Local Schoolmasters.C. Local and state school boards. D. Local education bureau.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).On which subjects can the Common Core State Standards be applied?A.
13、 Algebra and mathematics. B. Mathematics and arts.C. English-language arts and mathematics. D. English-language arts and algebra.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.1.The Philippine government has bannedA. news reports about the fighting in the Philippines.B. news reports about the fighting in the villages.C. news rep
14、orts about the fighting on Jolo Island.D. some newspapers.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.五、PART READING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：4.00)1 Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for “academic mobility“ is now often stated in impressive terms as fundamental necessity fo
15、r economic and social progress in the world, and debated in corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.2 Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of
16、 ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same disco
17、very or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.3 In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle Which has made this possi
18、ble has of course been the aeroplane, providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.4 Apart from the vehicle itself, some main factors are purely quantitative and require no further mention, there are far more centers of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students.5 In addit
19、ion one must recognise the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if
20、 they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centers of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. From the
21、se meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of co- operation, and provide them with most satisfactory stimulus.6 But as the specializations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there has been an opposite movement towards interdiscip
22、linary studies. These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent advances in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between discip
23、lines, and far greater emphasis 0n the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.（分数：4.00）(1).Literally, “academic mobility“ means _.A. academic traveling B. sharing ideas and experiencesC. academic research D. transmission of knowledge
24、（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It is suggested in Para. 2 that _.A. academic mobility may enhance scientific researchB. academic mobility may promote interpersonal relationsC. scientific researchers may be subject to misunderstandingD. scientific researchers work in collaboration worldwide（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3)
25、.The number of specialists has enormously increased mainly because of _.A. academic mobility B. interdisciplinary researchC. specialization D. modernization of transportation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, interdisciplinary studies are characterized by all the following EXCEPT that _.
26、A. they involve the joint efforts of scholars from different disciplinesB. they depend on the knowledge of different disciplinesC. they promote academic contact among people from different disciplinesD. they represent a newly emerging movement as against specializations（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、TEXT B(总题数：
27、1，分数：6.00)Jan Hendrik Schons success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laboratories, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers one every 16 days, which astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same
28、table of data appeared in two separate papers which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature the jig was up. In October 2002, a Bell Labs investigation found that Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist was fi
29、nished.If it sounds a lot like the fall of Hwang Woo Suk the South Korean researcher who fabricated his evidence about cloning human cells it is. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance. Afterwards, colleagues wring their han
30、ds and wonder how such malfeasance can be avoided in the future. But it never is entirely. Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer-review, in which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats. In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists
31、 to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions raised anew by Hwangs fall are whether Nature and Science have become too powerful as arbiters of what science reaches the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as ga
32、tekeepers.Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters; cell biologists have Cell; neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology
33、 and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought
34、popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the accolades of academics and satisfy the publish- or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publi
35、cations.Scientists are also trying to reach other scientists through Science and Nature, not just the public. Scientists tend to pay more attention to the Big Two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, theyre more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being off-cit
36、ed will increase a scientists “Impact Factor“, a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the Impact Factor as a rough measure of the influence of scientists theyre considering supporting.Whether the clamor to appear in these journals has any beating on their ability to c
37、atch fraud is another matter. The fact is that fraud is terrifically hard to spot. Consider the process Science used to evaluate Hwangs 2005 article. Science editors recognized the manuscripts import almost as soon as it arrived. As part of the standard procedure, they sent it to two members of its
38、Board of Reviewing Editors, who recommended that it go out for peer review (about 30 percent of manuscripts pass this test). This recommendation was made not on the scientific validity of the paper, but on its “novelty, originality, and trendiness“, says Denis Duboule, a geneticist at the University
39、 of Geneva and a member of Sciences Board of Reviewing Editors, in the January 6 issue of Science.After this, Science sent the paper to three stem-cell experts, who had a week to look it over. Their comments were favorable. How were they to know that the data was fraudulent? “You look at the data an
40、d do not assume its fraud,“ says one reviewer, anonymously, in Science.In the end, a big scandal now and then isnt likely to do much damage to the big scientific journals. What editors and scientists worry about more are the myriad smaller infractions that occur all the time, and which are almost im
41、possible to detect. A Nature survey of scientists published last June found that one-third of all respondents had committed some forms of misconduct. These included falsifying research data and having “questionable relationships“ with students and subjects both charges leveled against Hwang. Nobody
42、really knows if this kind of fraud is on the rise, but it is worrying.Science editors dont have any plans to change the basic editorial peer-review process as a result of the Hwang scandal. They do have plans to scrutinize photographs more closely in an effort to spot instances of fraud, but that po
43、licy change had already been decided when the scandal struck. And even if it had been in place, it would not have revealed that Hwang had misrepresented photographs from two stem cell colonies as coming from 11 colonies. With the financial and deadline pressures of the publishing industry, its unlik
44、ely that the journals are going to take markedly stronger measures to vet manuscripts. Beyond replicating the experiments themselves, which would be impractical, its difficult to see what they could do to make Science beyond the honor system.（分数：6.00）(1).Which of the following can be inferred from t
45、he passage?A. Key scientific journals are authoritative in evaluating scientific papers.B. Peer-review is the most effective method in evaluating and selecting scientific papers.C. Scientists are less likely to achieve career success without publications in top papers.D. Fabricating evidence in scie
46、ntific researches can be discovered by evaluation strict enough.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Science and Nature are top journals in the world in that_.A. they are built on the honor systemB. they are the only world-recognized journals in the scientific circleC. they cover all the research areas of scienceD.
47、 they are as popular as public magazines（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What can be inferred about a scientists “Impact Factor“?A. One is more likely to get funding for research with a high Impact Factor.B. One is more likely to get paper published with a high Impact Factor.C. Ones Impact Factor will be increa
48、sed once he or she has paper published in Science.D. Ones Impact Factor will be increased when more people read his or her paper.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, manuscripts of science are evaluated to_.A. find novelty B. catch fraudC. test scientific validity D. detect suspicious scientific points（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What would be detrimental to big scientific journals according to the author?A. Big scientific scandals once in a while.B. Small infractions all the time.C. Unreliable research data in papers.D. Lack of originality in research papers
