1、专业八级-386 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00).Urban problems1) problems to both developed and developing countries, like (1) _ etc.2) problems peculiar to developing countries: the need to create (2) _. Main consequences of uncontrolled urbanizati
2、on1) (3) _ of people from the country to the city2) (4) _of rural areas3) urban population (5) _4) pressure on the supply of social services in urban areas- health: (6) _ made worse by overcrowding people from the country to the city- education: need for more schools and (7) _5) an excess of labor s
3、upply, which in turn leads to (8) _ activities. Policies to stem uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries1) to promote a more equal (9) _2) to improve the supply of social services in the rural areas, particularly in health and education3) to give (10) _ to agriculture, especially to small
4、land owners（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the news.（分数：5.00）(1)
5、.Which of the following statements is TRUE about the research Dr. Smith and his colleagues have been doing?（分数：1.00）A.They try to help cancer patients overcome fright.B.They help doctors become sensitive to patients feelings.C.They have been doing the research for five years.D.There are totally five
6、 of them in the research program.(2).What does Dr. Smith think about doctors ability to communicate bad news?（分数：1.00）A.Some of the doctors are born with the ability.B.Most doctors can develop the ability naturally by i0teracting with patients.C.Some doctors dont deem this ability important.D.Doctor
7、s can acquire the ability over time by following good models and practicin(3).According to Dr. Smith, doctors had better _ if his cancer has come back.（分数：1.00）A.ask the patient about his expectation firstB.ask the patient about his past experience with cancer firstC.tell the patient directlyD.tell
8、the patient everythings OK(4).Which of the following should NOT doctors do when telling the bad news?（分数：1.00）A.To use the patients language.B.To be direct and concrete.C.To distance themselves from the patient.D.To show empathy for the patient.(5).Dr. Smiths motivation to do the research comes from
9、 _.（分数：1.00）A.his experience with many cancer patientsB.his mothers deathC.his conversation with a senior physicianD.his experience as an oncology trainee四、SECTION C(总题数：3，分数：5.00)Questions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer e
10、ach question.Now listen to the news.（分数：2.00）(1).European Commission President and other top commissioners are going to Washington to ask the American government to _.（分数：1.00）A.stick to their promisesB.make compromisesC.help themD.go on with talks(2).Doha round of world trade talks broke down last
11、year because the U.S. government did not agree to _.（分数：1.00）A.cooperate with other countriesB.open its agricultural marketC.cut subsidies to farmersD.help other countriesQuestions 7 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each questi
12、on.Now listen to the news.（分数：2.00）(1).Which of the following statements about the Church of the Nativity is NOT true?（分数：1.00）A.Its located in Bethlehem.B.Its on the birthplace of Jesus Christ.C.Its on Manger Square.D.Less people visited it at Christmas time than a decade ago.(2).Less pilgrims go t
13、o Bethlehem this year because _.（分数：1.00）A.they are afraid of violenceB.they are forbidden to go thereC.there is great economic crisis thereD.citizens there are fleeing the city1.Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each quest
14、ion.Now listen to the news.What could be a way to prevent Bush from increasing the U. S. troop levels in Iraq?（分数：1.00）A.Calling for peoples protest.B.Blocking war funds.C.Constraining presidents rights.D.Investigating into the escalation.五、PART READING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Cri
15、tics and supporters of the United Nations have sometimes seen worlds apart. But since last year, almost all of them, whether multilateralist or unilateralist, American or European, have come to agree that the organization is in crisis. This week, a blue ribbon panel commissioned by the bodys secreta
16、ry-general, Kofi Annan, released its report on what to do about it.The U. N. s sorry state became most obvious with the Iraq war. Those favoring the war were furious that after a decade of Security Council resolutions, including the last-chance Resolution 1441 threatening “serious consequences“ if I
17、raq did not prove its disarmament, the U. N. could not agree to act. Anti-war types were just as frustrated that the world body failed to stop the war. But Iraq was not the U. N.s only problem. It has done little to stop humanitarian disasters, such as the ongoing horror in Sudan. And it has done no
18、thing to stop Irans and North Koreas pursuit of nuclear weapons.Recognizing the danger of irrelevance, Mr. Annan last year told a 16-member panel, composed mainly of former government ministers and heads of government, to suggest changes. These fall broadly into two categories: the institutional and
19、 the cultural. The former has got most of the headlines - particularly a call for changing the structure of the Security Council. But changes in the U. N. s working practices are crucial too.Everyone agrees that the Security Council is an unrepresentative relic: of its 15 seats, five are occupied by
20、 permanent, veto-wielding members (America, Russia, China, Britain and France) and ten go to countries that rotate every two years and have no veto. But that the councils composition is a throwback to the world order immediately after the Second World War has been agreed on for decades, without any
21、success in changing it. Japan and Germany, the secondand thirdbiggest contributors to the U.N. budget, believe they are entitled to permanent seats. So does India, the worlds second-most- populous country, and Brazil, Latin Americas biggest. Unlike in previous efforts, these four have finally banded
22、 together to press their case. And they are joined in spirit by the Africans, who want two seats for their continent.But each aspirant has opponents. Italy opposes a permanent seat for Germany, which would make Italy the only biggish European power. It instead proposes a single seat for the European
23、 Union, a non- starter since this would require Britain and France to give up theirs, and regional institutions cannot be U.N. members under the current U.N. Charter. Spanish-speaking Mexico and Argentina do not think Portuguese-speaking Brazil should represent Latin America, and Pakistan strongly o
24、pposes its rival Indias bid. As for potential African seats, Egypt claims one as the representative of the Muslim and Arab world. That would leave Nigeria, the continents most populous country, and South Africa, which is richer and a more stable democracy, fighting for the other.The panel has propos
25、ed two alternatives. The first would give six countries ( none is named but probably Germany, Japan, India, Brazil and two African countries) permanent seats without a veto, and create three extra non-permanent seats, bringing the total number of council members to 24. The second, which would expand
26、 the council by the same number of seats, creates a new middle tier of members who would serve for four years and could be immediately re-elected, above the current lower tier of two-year members, who cannot be re-elected. The rivals to the would-be permanent members favor this option.While Security
27、 Council reform may be the most visible of the proposals, the panel has also shared its views on the guidelines on when members may use force legally, tinder the U. N. Charter, they can do so in two circumstances only: Article 51 allows force in a clear case of self-defense, and Chapter permits its
28、use when the Security Council agrees. While the panelists have not proposed major changes to these two parts of the Charter, they have offered refinements.Though the Charter was written to govern war between countries, the panel argues that even without revision, Chapter lets the Security Council au
29、thorize force for more controversial, modem reasons like fighting terrorists and intervention in states committing humanitarian horrors. It even considers “preventive“ wars against serious but non-imminent threats potentially justifiable.But the panel also says any decision to use force must pass fi
30、ve tests: the threat must be grave; the primary purpose must be to avert the threat; force must be a last resort; means must be proportional; and there must be a reasonable chance that force will succeed without calamitous consequences. All common-sense stuff, but the panel proposes making these tes
31、ts explicit (if subjective and unofficial), thus raising the quality of debate about any decision to go to war.On top of this, the report urges the U.N. to make better use of its assets in the fight against terrorism. One of the obstacles to an effective counter-terrorism strategy has been U.N. memb
32、ers inability to agree on a definition of terrorism. The panel tries to help by defining it as “any action that is intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants“; Arab countries may continue to press for exemptions in the case of “foreign occupation“. The report also
33、deals with what it sees as a possible “cascade of nuclear proliferation“ in the near future. It recommends creating more incentives for countries to stop enriching uranium.（分数：6.00）(1).What can be inferred about the U. N. in the Iraq war?（分数：1.00）A.It was efficient in controlling the damage brought
34、by the war.B.It was active in preventing Iraq from pursuing nuclear weapons.C.It met the expectations of neither the pro-war side nor the anti-war side.D.It was brought into crisis on account of the war.(2).Which of the following is TRUE about the structure of Security Council?（分数：1.00）A.It may lead
35、 to chaos of world order.B.There has been no attempt to change it.C.Countries often unite to ask for permanent seats.D.There are always negative forces for each attempt to change it.(3).The middle tier of members in the proposed structural changes of the U. N. would _.（分数：1.00）A.have a vetoB.be perm
36、anentC.be elected again every four yearsD.comprise 9 members(4).“.they have offered refinements“ in paragraph 7 means that _.（分数：1.00）A.the panelists have attempted to make changes to the CharterB.the panelists have proposed minor alternatives to the CharterC.the panelists have examined the Charter
37、thoroughly enoughD.the panelists have made the Charter more logical in expression(5).The panel report includes all EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.analysis of current crisis of the U. N.B.suggestion regarding structural changes to the U. N.C.revision to the U. N. Charter concerning legal use of forceD.advice on
38、 use of the U. N. budget in anti-terrorism(6).Whats the main topic of the passage?（分数：1.00）A.The current crisis of the U. N.B.Suggestion on changes in working practices of file U. N.C.Improvement in the efficiency of the U. N.D.The U. N. in the Iraq war.七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)Researchers investigati
39、ng brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brains physical deterioration.It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men
40、 and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage.“That may seem like bad news,“ said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people t
41、o withstand more brain-tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down.The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the “reserve“ hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators
42、have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain tissue to spare.Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrinkage of the
43、 outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal.“Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage,“ Coffey said. “People lose (on average) 2.5 percent adecade starting at adulthood.“There is, however, a “remarkabl
44、e range“ of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, lie said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain-tissue loss throughout adultho
45、od.In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss.Coffey and colleagues ganged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid surro
46、unding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid means the greater the cortical shrinkage. Controlling the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects ha
47、d an average of 1.77 milliliters more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.For example, Coffeys team reported, among subjects of the same sex and similar age and skull size, those with 16 years of education had 8 percent to 10 percent more cerebrospinal fluid compared with those who had four years o
48、f schooling.Of course, achieving a particular education level is not the definitive measure of someones mental capacity. And, said Coffey, education can be “a proxy for many things“. More-educated people, he noted, are often less likely to have habits, such as smoking, which harm overall health. But Coffey said that his teams findings suggest that like the body, the brain benefits from exercise. “The question is whether by continuing to exercise the brain we can forestall the effects of (brain shrinkage) ,“ he said. “My hunch is that we can.“According to Coffey, people should strive throug
