1、专业八级-306 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)It is interesting to reflect for a moment upon the differences in the areas of moral feeling and standards in the peoples of Japan and the United States. The Americans divide these areas somewhat rigidly into the spirit and flesh,
2、the two being in opposition in the 1 life of a human being. Ideally, spirit should prevail but all too often it is the flesh which does prevail. 2 The Japanese make no this division, at least between one as 3 good and the other as evil. They believe that a person has two souls, each necessary. One i
3、s the “gentle“ soul; other is the 4 “rough“ soul. Sometimes the person uses his gentle soul; sometimes he must use his rough soul. He does not favor his gentle soul, neither he fight his rough soul. Japanese philosophers insist 5 human nature in itself be good, and a human being does not need to 6 f
4、ight any part of himself. He has only to learn how to use each soul properly at the appropriate times. Virtue for the Japanese consists of 7 fulfilling one“s obligations to others. Happy endings, either in life or in fiction, are neither necessary nor expected, while the fulfillment 8 of duty provid
5、es the satisfying end, whatever the tragedy it inflicts. And duty includes a person“s obligations to these who have conferred 9 benefits upon him and to himself as an individual of honor. He develops through this double sense of duty, a self-discipline which is at once permissive and rigid, dependin
6、g upon the area which it is 10 functioning.（分数：25.00）The interloper who seized our telephone line continued to hit us again and again for the next six months. The phone company seemed powerful. Its security folks moved us to one unlisted number 11 after another half a dozen times. They put special p
7、in codes in place. They put traces on the line. And the troublemaker kept 12 breaking through. If our hacker has been truly evil and omnipotent as only 13 fictional movie hackers are, there would probably have been even worse ways he could have threatened my privacy. He could have destroyed my credi
8、t rate. He could have eavesdropped on my 14 telephone conversations or siphoned off my e-mail. He could have called in my mortgage, discontinued my health assurance or deleted 15 my Social Security number. Still, I remember feeling violating at the time and as powerless 16 as a minnow in a flash flo
9、od. Someone was invading my private spacemy family“s private spaceand there was anything I or the 17 authorities could do. It was as close to a technological epiphany (主 显节) as I have ever been. And as I watched my personal digital hell unfold, which struck me that our privacymine and yours 18 has a
10、lready disappeared bit by bit. Losing control of your telephone, of course, is least of it. After 19 all, most of us voluntarily give out our phone number and address when we allow ourselves to be listed in the White Pages. We make it public our interests and our purchasing habits every time we shop
11、 20 by mail order or visit a commercial website.（分数：25.00）The process of acquiring the self-discipline for Japanese begins in childhood. Indeed, one may say it begins at birthhow early the Japanese child is given his own identity! If I was to define in a word 21 the attitude of the Japanese toward t
12、heir children, I would put it in a 22 concise wordLove! Yes, abundance of love, warmly expressed from the moment which he is put to his mother“s breast. For a 23 mother this nursing of her child is psychologically important. Rewards are frequent, a bit of candy bestowing at the right 24 moment, an i
13、nexpensive toy. For time to enter school comes, however, 25 discipline becomes firmer. To bring shame to the family is greatest 26 shame for the child. What is the secret of the Japanese teaching of self-discipline? It lies, I think, in the fact which the aim of all teaching is the 27 establishment
14、of habit. Rules are repeated over and over, and continually practiced until obedience becomes instinctive. This repetition is enhanced by the expectation of the elders. They expect a child to obey and to learn through obedience. The demand is gentle at first and tempering to the child“s tender age.
15、It is no more 28 gentle as time goes on, but certainly it is increasingly inexorable. Now, far away from that warm Japanese home, I reflect what I 29 learned there. What, I wonder, will take place of the web of love 30 and discipline which for so many centuries has surrounded the life and thinking o
16、f the people of Japan?（分数：25.00）There are four major types of benchmarking activities pursued at Xerox: internal, functional, generic, and competitive. The theory behind internal benchmarking maintains that while large 31 organizations have multiples of the same units setting up to perform 32 simila
17、r activities, information can easily be shared among similar units at the company“s advantage. At Xerox, the company utilizes 33 internal benchmarking as a device to transfer opinions, ideas, and information among its divisions. Functional benchmarking is the story of Xerox“s learning relationship w
18、ith L. L. Bean. In the early 1980s, the members of Xerox“s benchmarking review team found that L. L. Bean, which adopt of the same methods of customer order processingpicking 34 orders manuallyas themselves, was three times fast. Thus, Bean 35 became Xerox“s functional benchmark in the area of order
19、 processing. Generic benchmarking has become Xerox“s focal points. Xerox identified numerous basic business processes, such as order taking, in that they sought improvement. One individual was assigned to 36 oversee improvements in each of 10 areas encompassing the 67 identified processes, the owner
20、s of which became responsible 37 documenting specific means of improving processes, overseen 38 implementation of organizational benchmarking activities. Finally, competitive benchmarking entails uncovering competitor practices that can then be implemented and improved upon within an organization. X
21、erox had four places which it stored 39 and handled material, but it changed its materials management structure to be more in line with those of its competitors. 40 As a result, Xerox has been able to reclaim the market leadership position.（分数：25.00）专业八级-306 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAG
22、E(总题数：4，分数：100.00)It is interesting to reflect for a moment upon the differences in the areas of moral feeling and standards in the peoples of Japan and the United States. The Americans divide these areas somewhat rigidly into the spirit and flesh, the two being in opposition in the 1 life of a huma
23、n being. Ideally, spirit should prevail but all too often it is the flesh which does prevail. 2 The Japanese make no this division, at least between one as 3 good and the other as evil. They believe that a person has two souls, each necessary. One is the “gentle“ soul; other is the 4 “rough“ soul. S
24、ometimes the person uses his gentle soul; sometimes he must use his rough soul. He does not favor his gentle soul, neither he fight his rough soul. Japanese philosophers insist 5 human nature in itself be good, and a human being does not need to 6 fight any part of himself. He has only to learn how
25、to use each soul properly at the appropriate times. Virtue for the Japanese consists of 7 fulfilling one“s obligations to others. Happy endings, either in life or in fiction, are neither necessary nor expected, while the fulfillment 8 of duty provides the satisfying end, whatever the tragedy it infl
26、icts. And duty includes a person“s obligations to these who have conferred 9 benefits upon him and to himself as an individual of honor. He develops through this double sense of duty, a self-discipline which is at once permissive and rigid, depending upon the area which it is 10 functioning.（分数：25.0
27、0）解析：第一个 the the 解析 冠词冗余。spirit 和 flesh是性质相似的东西，而且关系密切，这时不需要使用冠词，类似的还有 man and wife，father and son 等等。解析：whichthat解析 连词误用。it is the flesh that does prevail 是强调句型，应该使用 that引导，不能使用 which。解析：thissuch解析 代词误用。这里是说日本人不会像美国人那样把道德分为精神方面和肉体方面，代指前面提到过的事物或人用 such比较合适。解析：otherthe解析 冠词缺失。这里是两个事物，应该使用 one.the oth
28、er.的结构。解析：neitherdoes解析 倒装句错误。neither 放在句首时，应该使用部分倒装，故在 neither后加上助动词 does。解析：beis解析 虚拟语气误用。insist 只有在表示“坚持要求”时，后面所跟的从句才用虚拟语气，此处的 insist表示“强调”，因此不需要使用虚拟语气，故将 be改为 is。解析：ofin解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。consist of 表示“包含”，此处要表达的意思是“日本人的美德在于完成对别人的义务”，要表达的是“在于”的意思，因此应该使用词组 consist in。解析：whilesince/for/because解析 连词误用。主
29、句说“在日本，无论是生活中还是小说中，大圆满结局都是不必要的，也是不被人期待的”，从句说“完成自己的责任就是满意的结局，无论会引起多大的悲剧”。可见从句是解释在生活中和小说中人们不期盼大圆满结局的原因，因此二者是因果而非转折关系，所以改为连词 since/for/because。解析：thesethose解析 定语从句先行词误用。who 引导的定语从句修饰的先行词是人，而且是复数，因此应该使用 those，these 不能作先行词使用。解析：whichin 或 whichwhere解析 定语从句关系词误用。area 是后面定语从句的先行词，并在从句中作状语，表示“在这个领域里起作用”，因此应该
30、使用 where或者 in which。The interloper who seized our telephone line continued to hit us again and again for the next six months. The phone company seemed powerful. Its security folks moved us to one unlisted number 11 after another half a dozen times. They put special pin codes in place. They put trace
31、s on the line. And the troublemaker kept 12 breaking through. If our hacker has been truly evil and omnipotent as only 13 fictional movie hackers are, there would probably have been even worse ways he could have threatened my privacy. He could have destroyed my credit rate. He could have eavesdroppe
32、d on my 14 telephone conversations or siphoned off my e-mail. He could have called in my mortgage, discontinued my health assurance or deleted 15 my Social Security number. Still, I remember feeling violating at the time and as powerless 16 as a minnow in a flash flood. Someone was invading my priva
33、te spacemy family“s private spaceand there was anything I or the 17 authorities could do. It was as close to a technological epiphany (主 显节) as I have ever been. And as I watched my personal digital hell unfold, which struck me that our privacymine and yours 18 has already disappeared bit by bit. Lo
34、sing control of your telephone, of course, is least of it. After 19 all, most of us voluntarily give out our phone number and address when we allow ourselves to be listed in the White Pages. We make it public our interests and our purchasing habits every time we shop 20 by mail order or visit a comm
35、ercial website.（分数：25.00）解析：powerfulpowerless解析 语义错误。根据下文可知，电话公司对遭到黑客袭击的用户采取了多种保护措施，结果黑客却总是能攻克防卫。因此电话公司在这件事上应该是“无能为力的，无可奈何的”，故将 powerful改为 powerless。解析：AndBut解析 连词误用。前句说电话公司做了很多努力，后句说“这个制造麻烦的恶作剧者还是能攻克防卫”，因此可以判断这里是很明显的转折关系。解析：hashad解析 虚拟语气错误。条件从句表示与过去事实相反时，应该使用过去完成时，而不是现在完成时。本句意思是“如果这个黑客像科幻电影中的黑客一样邪恶
36、并无所不能的话，他对我们隐私的威胁将可能加重。”解析：raterating解析 形近词误用。rate 意为“率，比率”，而 rating意为“等级，级别”，credit rating表示“信用等级”。解析：assuranceinsurance解析 形近词误用。assurance 表示“保证”，而 insurance表示“保险”，此处指“黑客以我的名义，中断我的健康保险”，因此应该使用 insurance。解析：violatingviolated解析 非谓语动词误用。violate 和 I之间是逻辑动宾关系，即“我感到被别人侵犯”，因此应该使用过去分词表示被动。解析：anythingnothin
37、g解析 代词误用。根据上文可知，当黑客侵犯我们的隐私时，我们是无能为力的，所以什么也做不了，应该使用 nothing。解析：whichIt解析 it句型错误。as 引导时间状语从句，因此 which struck me that.应该是主句，而 which只能引导从句，且该句中有一个 that引导的主语从句，因此句首需要形式主语 it。本句含义是“我突然明白我们的隐私你的和我的已经一点一点地消失”。解析：leastthe解析 冠词缺失。此处 least表示“最不重要的”，是最高级，前面应该加定冠词the。解析：it it 解析 代词冗余。make 的宾语是 our interests and
38、our purchasing habits，补语是public，这里是宾语后置，因此不需要 it。此处意为“每当我们邮购或者访问网站时，我们都在使个人兴趣和购物习惯公开化。”The process of acquiring the self-discipline for Japanese begins in childhood. Indeed, one may say it begins at birthhow early the Japanese child is given his own identity! If I was to define in a word 21 the atti
39、tude of the Japanese toward their children, I would put it in a 22 concise wordLove! Yes, abundance of love, warmly expressed from the moment which he is put to his mother“s breast. For a 23 mother this nursing of her child is psychologically important. Rewards are frequent, a bit of candy bestowing
40、 at the right 24 moment, an inexpensive toy. For time to enter school comes, however, 25 discipline becomes firmer. To bring shame to the family is greatest 26 shame for the child. What is the secret of the Japanese teaching of self-discipline? It lies, I think, in the fact which the aim of all teac
41、hing is the 27 establishment of habit. Rules are repeated over and over, and continually practiced until obedience becomes instinctive. This repetition is enhanced by the expectation of the elders. They expect a child to obey and to learn through obedience. The demand is gentle at first and temperin
42、g to the child“s tender age. It is no more 28 gentle as time goes on, but certainly it is increasingly inexorable. Now, far away from that warm Japanese home, I reflect what I 29 learned there. What, I wonder, will take place of the web of love 30 and discipline which for so many centuries has surro
43、unded the life and thinking of the people of Japan?（分数：25.00）解析：waswere解析 虚拟语气错误。这是一个虚拟条件句，本句意思是“如果让我来简单定义日本人对于自己孩子的态度的话，那就是一个简短的字：爱!”故应把 was改为 were。解析：aone解析 近义词误用。put it in one concise word 表示“用一个简短的词来表示”，这里强调“一个”的概念，而 a不具有这层意思。解析：which which 解析 关系代词误用。一些表示时间的名词短语，如 the moment，the flint time，the m
44、inute 等，也可引导时间状语从句，不用加关系代词，因此应去掉 which。解析：bestowingbestowed解析 非谓语动词误用。此处的意思是“对孩子进行奖赏是很平常的事，例如，在合适的时候给一块糖、一个便宜的玩具。”bestow 与 candy是逻辑动宾关系，因此应该使用过去分词表被动。解析：ForAs/When解析 连词误用。As/When 在此引导时间状语从句，意思是“当孩子上学的时候，纪律就比较严格了。”to enter school 在此是不定式结构作后置定语修饰 time。解析：greatestthe解析 冠词缺失。这里是最高级，意思是“给家人带来耻辱就是孩子最大的耻辱。
45、”因此应该在 greatest前面加上定冠词 the。解析：whichthat解析 关系代词误用。fact 后面的从句主系表结构完整，因此是同位语从句，而不是定语从句，所以应用 that来引导同位语从句。解析：temperingtempered解析 语态错误。temper 在这里表示“调整”，即“长辈对孩子的要求随着孩子的年龄进行调整”，temper 与 demand构成动宾关系，因此应该使用过去分词。解析：reflecton/upon解析 介词缺失。reflect 作及物动词时表示“反射，反映”，而当它表示“反思”时，是不及物动词，后面需要加介词 on或者 upon。本句意思是“现在，远离日
46、本温暖的家，我反思我在那里所学到的东西。”解析：placethe解析 冠词缺失。take place 表示“发生”，take the place of sth.表示“代替某物”。此处句子的含义是“我不知道什么将会代替围绕日本人生活和思维方式几百年的爱和约束所形成的网。”因此应该使用 take the place of。There are four major types of benchmarking activities pursued at Xerox: internal, functional, generic, and competitive. The theory behind in
47、ternal benchmarking maintains that while large 31 organizations have multiples of the same units setting up to perform 32 similar activities, information can easily be shared among similar units at the company“s advantage. At Xerox, the company utilizes 33 internal benchmarking as a device to transf
48、er opinions, ideas, and information among its divisions. Functional benchmarking is the story of Xerox“s learning relationship with L. L. Bean. In the early 1980s, the members of Xerox“s benchmarking review team found that L. L. Bean, which adopt of the same methods of customer order processingpicki
49、ng 34 orders manuallyas themselves, was three times fast. Thus, Bean 35 became Xerox“s functional benchmark in the area of order processing. Generic benchmarking has become Xerox“s focal points. Xerox identified numerous basic business processes, such as order taking, in that they sought improvement. One individual was assigned to 36 oversee improvements in each of 10 areas encompassing the 67 identified processes, the owners of which became responsible 37 documenting spec
