1、专业八级-258 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)The most difficult texts to translate are not, however, highly literarily productions, but rather those texts which say 1 nothing, the type of language is often used by politicians and 2 delegates to international forums. In fact,
2、a group of professional translators at the United Nations headquarters in New York City have insisted that the most difficult text to translate be one in 3 which the speaker or writer has attempted to say nothing. The next most difficult type of text is one filled with irony or sarcasm, since in a w
3、ritten text the paralinguistics clues to the 4 meaning are usually much more difficult to detect like when 5 someone is speaking. And perhaps the third most difficult type of text is a book or article on translating in which the illustrated 6 examples rarely match. In fact, a book on translating alm
4、ost always requires extensive adaptation. One of the most surprising paradoxes of translating is that it 7 is never a completely perfect and timeless translation. Both 8 language and culture are always in the process of change. Furthermore, language is an open system with overlapping meanings and fu
5、zzier boundariesthe bane of logicians but the 9 delight of poets. The indeterminacy of language is part of the price that must be paid for creativity and for the new insight 10 which come through symbolic reinterpretation of human experience.（分数：25.00）No person understood the science and politics of
6、 modern 11 weaponry better than William J. Perry, the US Secretary of Defense from 1994 to 1997. When a man of such unquestioned experience and intelligence issues the starkly nuclear warning 12 that is central to his recent memoir, we should turn heed. Perry 13 is forthright when he says: “Today, t
7、he danger of some sort of a nuclear catastrophe is more than it was during the Cold War and 14 most people are blissfully unaware of this danger.“ He also tells us that the nuclear danger is “grown greater every year“ and 15 that even a single nuclear detonation “could destroy our way of life“. In c
8、lear, detailed but powerful prose, Perry“s new book, My Journey at the Nuclear Brink, tells the story of his seventy-years experience of the nuclear age. Beginning with his 16 firsthanded encounter with survivors living amid “vast wastes of 17 fused rubble“ in the aftermath of World War II, his acco
9、unt takes us up to today when Perry is on an urgent mission to alert us the dangerous nuclear road we are traveling. 18 Reflecting upon the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Perry says it was then that he first understood that the end of all of civilization was now possible, not merely the r
10、uin of cities. He took to heart Einstein“s words that “the unleashed power of the atom has changed everything, saved our modes of 19 thinking.“ He asserts that it is only “old thinking“ that persuades our leaders that nuclear weapons provide security, instead of understanding the hard truth which “t
11、hey now 20 endanger it.“（分数：25.00）During interpretation, short-term memory operations occur continually. Some are due to the lag between the moment speech 21 sounds heard and the moment they are interpreted: 22 phonemic segments may have to be added up in memory and 23 analyzed when they allow ident
12、ification of a word or phoneme. To 24 take only one example, when spelling an unknown foreign name and saying “D as in Denmark,“ the phonetic elements carrying “D“ may have to be held in memory until the word “Denmark“ is recognized, which in turns makes it possible to recognize it as a 25 D opposed
13、 to a T. Other short-term memory operations are 26 associated with the time it takes to produce speech, during which the idea or information to be worded is presented in memory. Still 27 others may be due to specific characteristics of a given speaker or speech: if the speech is unclear because of i
14、ts logic, information density, unusual linguistic structure, or speaker“s accent, interpreters may wish to wait for a while before reformulating it (in simultaneous)or taking notes (in consecutive), so as to have more time and a large context to deal with the comprehension and 28 reformulation probl
15、ems. Clearly, short-term memory operations fall under the category of automatic operations because they include the storage 29 of information for later use. One might add that stored information changes both from one speech to another or during 30 every speech as it unfolds, and that both stored inf
16、ormation quantities and storage duration can vary from moment to moment, so that there is little chance for repetition of identical operations with sufficient frequency to allow automation of the processes.（分数：25.00）Moving from the political to the literary arena throughout the 1960s and 1970s, femi
17、nist critics began to examine the traditional literary canon and discover example after example of 31 male dominance and prejudice that supported Beauvoir“s and Millett“s assertion which males considered the female “the 32 Other,“ an unnatural or deviating being. First, stereotypes of 33 women were
18、abounded in the canon: Women were sex maniacs, 34 goddesses of beauties, mindless entities, or old spinsters. 35 Second, while Dickens, Wordsworth, Hawthorne, Thoreau, Twain, and a host of other male authors found their way into the established literary canon, a few female authors achieved such 36 s
19、tatus. Third, for the most part, the roles of female, fictionalized characters were limited to secondary positions, more frequent than not occupying minor parts within the stories or 37 simply averting to the male“s stereotypical images of women. 38 Fourth, female scholars such as Virginia Woolf and
20、 Simone de Beauvoir were ignored, their writings seldom, if never, referred 39 to by the male crafters of the literary canon. Feminist critics of this era asserted that these males and their male counterparts who created and enjoyed a place of prominence within the canon assumed that all readers wer
21、e females. In addition, since most of the university professors 40 were males, more frequently than not female students were trained to read literature as if they were males. The feminists of the 1960s and 1970s now postulated the existence of a female reader who was affronted by the male prejudices
22、 abounding in the canon.（分数：25.00）专业八级-258 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)The most difficult texts to translate are not, however, highly literarily productions, but rather those texts which say 1 nothing, the type of language is often used by politicians and 2 delegates t
23、o international forums. In fact, a group of professional translators at the United Nations headquarters in New York City have insisted that the most difficult text to translate be one in 3 which the speaker or writer has attempted to say nothing. The next most difficult type of text is one filled wi
24、th irony or sarcasm, since in a written text the paralinguistics clues to the 4 meaning are usually much more difficult to detect like when 5 someone is speaking. And perhaps the third most difficult type of text is a book or article on translating in which the illustrated 6 examples rarely match. I
25、n fact, a book on translating almost always requires extensive adaptation. One of the most surprising paradoxes of translating is that it 7 is never a completely perfect and timeless translation. Both 8 language and culture are always in the process of change. Furthermore, language is an open system
26、 with overlapping meanings and fuzzier boundariesthe bane of logicians but the 9 delight of poets. The indeterminacy of language is part of the price that must be paid for creativity and for the new insight 10 which come through symbolic reinterpretation of human experience.（分数：25.00）解析：literarilyli
27、terary，此处为形容词，前者为副词。解析：is 删去，或在 is 前添加 that，此处为前文的同位语 the type of language 的定语从句。如不加修改，该句即为完整单句，前句应为句号，且首字母大写。解析：beis，此处 insist 意为“坚持认为”而非“要求”，所以不应做虚拟语气。解析：paralinguisticsparalinguistic，此处需用形容词，前者为名词。解析：likethan，此处用比较级。解析：illustratedillustrative，illustrative example 是常见搭配，意为“说明性的例子”，illustrated 用作表语
28、通常表示“带插图的”。解析：itthere，it 前无指代。此处意为“有”，是 there be 句型。解析：andor，前有否定意义的 never，后应用 or。解析：fuzzierfuzzy，此处无比较。解析：insightinsights，变为复数，与后面的定语从句保持一致。No person understood the science and politics of modern 11 weaponry better than William J. Perry, the US Secretary of Defense from 1994 to 1997. When a man of
29、such unquestioned experience and intelligence issues the starkly nuclear warning 12 that is central to his recent memoir, we should turn heed. Perry 13 is forthright when he says: “Today, the danger of some sort of a nuclear catastrophe is more than it was during the Cold War and 14 most people are
30、blissfully unaware of this danger.“ He also tells us that the nuclear danger is “grown greater every year“ and 15 that even a single nuclear detonation “could destroy our way of life“. In clear, detailed but powerful prose, Perry“s new book, My Journey at the Nuclear Brink, tells the story of his se
31、venty-years experience of the nuclear age. Beginning with his 16 firsthanded encounter with survivors living amid “vast wastes of 17 fused rubble“ in the aftermath of World War II, his account takes us up to today when Perry is on an urgent mission to alert us the dangerous nuclear road we are trave
32、ling. 18 Reflecting upon the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Perry says it was then that he first understood that the end of all of civilization was now possible, not merely the ruin of cities. He took to heart Einstein“s words that “the unleashed power of the atom has changed everything,
33、saved our modes of 19 thinking.“ He asserts that it is only “old thinking“ that persuades our leaders that nuclear weapons provide security, instead of understanding the hard truth which “they now 20 endanger it.“（分数：25.00）解析：understoodunderstands，结合下文，此处应是一般现在时，因为文意显然认为他仍是这方面的顶尖专家。解析：starklystark，此
34、处应为形容词，stark warning 是常见的搭配，意为“严正警告”。解析：turntake/pay，heed 通常前跟后者，意为“小心、注意”。解析：moregreater，根据下文以及习惯用法，应用后者。解析：growngrowing，此处不需使用被动式。解析：seventy-yearsseventy-year，此处修饰经验，“七十年的”应与后者对应。解析：firsthandedfirsthand，此处意为“一手的”，firsthanded 无此词。解析：usto，alert sb. to sth. 意为“使警觉、注意”。解析：savedsave/saving，save 和 savin
35、g 都可作介词，意为“除之外”。解析：whichthat，此外 that 后引导的是同位语从句。During interpretation, short-term memory operations occur continually. Some are due to the lag between the moment speech 21 sounds heard and the moment they are interpreted: 22 phonemic segments may have to be added up in memory and 23 analyzed when th
36、ey allow identification of a word or phoneme. To 24 take only one example, when spelling an unknown foreign name and saying “D as in Denmark,“ the phonetic elements carrying “D“ may have to be held in memory until the word “Denmark“ is recognized, which in turns makes it possible to recognize it as
37、a 25 D opposed to a T. Other short-term memory operations are 26 associated with the time it takes to produce speech, during which the idea or information to be worded is presented in memory. Still 27 others may be due to specific characteristics of a given speaker or speech: if the speech is unclea
38、r because of its logic, information density, unusual linguistic structure, or speaker“s accent, interpreters may wish to wait for a while before reformulating it (in simultaneous)or taking notes (in consecutive), so as to have more time and a large context to deal with the comprehension and 28 refor
39、mulation problems. Clearly, short-term memory operations fall under the category of automatic operations because they include the storage 29 of information for later use. One might add that stored information changes both from one speech to another or during 30 every speech as it unfolds, and that b
40、oth stored information quantities and storage duration can vary from moment to moment, so that there is little chance for repetition of identical operations with sufficient frequency to allow automation of the processes.（分数：25.00）解析：continuallycontinuously，在口译过程中，短时记忆是连续工作的而非多次工作，所以应用后者。解析：heardare。
41、此处 speech sounds 为名词短语，作分句中的主语，后缺 be 动词连接 hear 的被动态。解析：phonemicphonetic，结合下文的例子，此处意为“语音上的”而非“音位上的”。因此用后者。解析：whenuntil，前半句话里是一个累积的过程，直到后半句里出现需要的结果。而 when 代表同时发生，不符合句义。解析：turnsturn，in turn 意为“轮流”；“继而”，而 in turns 只有“轮流”的意思，此处结合上下文应为“继而”之意，因此应该是 in turn。解析：opposedas，as opposed to 是固定搭配，意为“而不是”。解析：presen
42、tedpresent，根据上下文，此处应是一个状态而非动作。解析：largelarger，此处结合上下文应用比较级。解析：automaticnon-automatic，结合下文，这是一个无法自动完成的过程，因此应为后者。解析：orand，both.and.固定搭配。Moving from the political to the literary arena throughout the 1960s and 1970s, feminist critics began to examine the traditional literary canon and discover example a
43、fter example of 31 male dominance and prejudice that supported Beauvoir“s and Millett“s assertion which males considered the female “the 32 Other,“ an unnatural or deviating being. First, stereotypes of 33 women were abounded in the canon: Women were sex maniacs, 34 goddesses of beauties, mindless e
44、ntities, or old spinsters. 35 Second, while Dickens, Wordsworth, Hawthorne, Thoreau, Twain, and a host of other male authors found their way into the established literary canon, a few female authors achieved such 36 status. Third, for the most part, the roles of female, fictionalized characters were
45、 limited to secondary positions, more frequent than not occupying minor parts within the stories or 37 simply averting to the male“s stereotypical images of women. 38 Fourth, female scholars such as Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir were ignored, their writings seldom, if never, referred 39 to b
46、y the male crafters of the literary canon. Feminist critics of this era asserted that these males and their male counterparts who created and enjoyed a place of prominence within the canon assumed that all readers were females. In addition, since most of the university professors 40 were males, more
47、 frequently than not female students were trained to read literature as if they were males. The feminists of the 1960s and 1970s now postulated the existence of a female reader who was affronted by the male prejudices abounding in the canon.（分数：25.00）解析：discoverdiscovered，此处应为过去式。解析：whichthat，此处非定语从
48、句，而是同位语从句，所以应用 that。解析：deviatingdeviant，deviate 意为“偏离”，deviant 意为“不正常的”，结合上文此处应为deviant。解析：were 删去，abound 是不及物动词。解析：beautiesbeauty，此处应为抽象意义的美貌，而非美女。解析：a 删去，从上下文来看，此处应有对比，因此 few(几乎无)更合适。解析：frequentfrequently，此处应为副词，修饰 occupying。解析：avertingreverting，avert 意为“防止、避免”，此处意为“回归男性对女性的固有印象”，应用后者。解析：neverever，if ever 是固定搭配，意为“如果有过的话”。解析：femalesmales，结合上下文，此处是假定读者都是男性而非女性。
