1、专业八级-257 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Some people imagine that the greatest problem in translating is to find the right words and constructions in the receptor or target language. On the contrary, the most difficult task for the translator is to understand thoroughly t
2、he designative and associative meanings of the word to be translated. This 1 involves not only knowing the meanings of the words and the syntactic relations, but also being sensitive with all the nuances 2 of the stylistic devices. For one struggling translator summed up 3 his problems, “If I really
3、 understood what the text means, I could easily translate it.“ Perhaps the less understood paradox of translating is the 4 general assumption that a person who knows two languages well can be a good translator or interpreter. In first place, knowing 5 two languages is not enough. It is also essentia
4、l to be acquainted with the respective culture. Persons may be able to speak two 6 languages perfectly but not have the capacity to write well, which means they can never become skilled translators. Nevertheless, merely speaking two languages in a competent 7 manner does mean that persons can become
5、 first-rate 8 interpreters, whether in consecutive and simultaneous 9 circumstances. In addition to knowing a language, an interpreter must have a quick mind to organize and formulate a response. The test for potential interpreters at the Maurice Thorez Institute in Moscow involves an assigning topi
6、c, one minute to prepare a 10 short speech on the topic, and one minute to speak.（分数：25.00）Since translating is a skill which generally requires considerable practice, more people assume that it can be taught, 11 and to an extent this is true. But this is also true that really 12 exceptional transla
7、tors are born, not made. Potential translators might have a high level of aptitude for the creative use of 13 language, or they are not likely to be outstanding in their profession. Perhaps the great benefit from instruction in 14 translating is to become aware of one“s own limitations. For many peo
8、ple the need for human translators seems paradoxical in this age of computers. Since modem computers can be loaded with dictionaries and grammars, why should not 15 let computers do the work? Computers can perform certain very simple interlingual tasks, providing there is sufficient pre-editing and
9、post-editing. But neither advertising brochures and lyric 16 poetry can ever be reduced to the kind of logic required for computer programs. Computer printouts of translations can often be understood, if the persons involved already know what text is 17 supposed to say. But the results of machine tr
10、anslating are usually in an unnatural form of language or sometimes just plain 18 weird. Furthermore, real improvements will not come from merely doctoring the program or adding rules. The human brain is not only digital and analogic, but it also has a built-in system of values which gives them comp
11、onentially incalculable 19 advantage over machines. Human translators will always be necessary for any text which is stylistically appealing and semantically complexwhich include most of what is worth 20 communicating in another language.（分数：25.00）We do not end conversations by simply walking away f
12、rom our listeners or by bluntly stopping our contribution to the conversation. Conversations end through the use of unpredictable 21 transitions. Conversations more or less wound down step by step. 22 When participants believe that they have completed their last topic, they prepare to exit and then
13、do so. In many conversations, we give off signals that the dialogue is about to end before it does. These signals may come by the form of preclosing statements 23 such as I guess I“ll have to let you go, Let“s do lunch sometime , That“s about it , or OK. These comments tell the listener that the spe
14、aker is about to stop talking. Benjamin thanks Alice at the end of the phone call and she says OK, indicating that last topic 24 has been completed. They then end the conversation with a mutual good-bye. Sometimes after ending a conversation, 25 acquaints will reassure each other that they will talk
15、 again to 26 reaffirm their relationship; that is, the break is not a permanent one. Scholars found that speakers had several conventional 27 strategies to end conversations. Some will summarize the conversation; others express pleasure about the relationship, plans for future conversations, or wish
16、 the listener well. These 28 closing strategies tend to follow a linear sequence. People make the summary statements early in the closing sequence and then do the well-wishing at the end of the sequence. For such, the ending sequence and the reciprocal statements 29 among the participants produce a
17、mutual conversational dance to 30 the end.（分数：25.00）Ultimate reality, declares that Marxism, is material, not 31 spiritual. What we know beyond any doubts is that human 32 beings exist and live in social groups. All of our actions and responses to such activities like eating, working, and even 33 pl
18、aying are related in some way to our culture and society. In order to understand ourselves and our world, we must at first 34 acknowledge the interrelatedness of all our actions within society. If, for example, we want to know who we are and how we should live, we must stop trying to find answers by
19、 looking solely to religion or philosophy and beginning by examining all 35 aspects of our daily activities within our own culture. Upon examining our daily routines, including our beliefs and values, we will discover that it is our cultural and our social circumstances which determine who we are. W
20、hat we believe, 36 what we value, and, in many ways, what we think is a direct 37 result of our culture and our society, not our religion or our supposed philosophy of life. When we examine our society, declares Marxism, we will discover that its structure is built upon a series of ongoing conflicts
21、 within social classes. The chief reason for these 38 conflicts is the varying ways the members of society work and utilize its economic resources. According to Marx, the methods 39 of economic production and the social relationships they engender form the economic structure of society is called the
22、 40 base. In America, for example, the capitalists exploit the working classes, determining for them their salaries and their working conditions, among a host of other elements of their lives.（分数：25.00）专业八级-257 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Some people imagine that the g
23、reatest problem in translating is to find the right words and constructions in the receptor or target language. On the contrary, the most difficult task for the translator is to understand thoroughly the designative and associative meanings of the word to be translated. This 1 involves not only know
24、ing the meanings of the words and the syntactic relations, but also being sensitive with all the nuances 2 of the stylistic devices. For one struggling translator summed up 3 his problems, “If I really understood what the text means, I could easily translate it.“ Perhaps the less understood paradox
25、of translating is the 4 general assumption that a person who knows two languages well can be a good translator or interpreter. In first place, knowing 5 two languages is not enough. It is also essential to be acquainted with the respective culture. Persons may be able to speak two 6 languages perfec
26、tly but not have the capacity to write well, which means they can never become skilled translators. Nevertheless, merely speaking two languages in a competent 7 manner does mean that persons can become first-rate 8 interpreters, whether in consecutive and simultaneous 9 circumstances. In addition to
27、 knowing a language, an interpreter must have a quick mind to organize and formulate a response. The test for potential interpreters at the Maurice Thorez Institute in Moscow involves an assigning topic, one minute to prepare a 10 short speech on the topic, and one minute to speak.（分数：25.00）解析：wordt
28、ext，根据下文，此处需要理解的不只是单词，而是整个文本。解析：withto，be sensitive to 是固定搭配，意为“对敏感”。解析：ForAs，前者用于此处，语法和意思都不正确，此处意为“正如”。解析：lessleast，上下文表明此处意为“最少为人知的是”。解析：the，in the first place 意为“首先，一开始”，固定搭配。解析：culturecultures，此处指两种文化，应为复数。解析：NeverthelessMoreover，此处下文为上文之递进而非转折。解析：meannot，同上题，从上下文判断，是“并不意味着可以成为一流译员”。解析：andor，“无论
29、是还是”whether 后用 or。解析：assigningassigned，此处意为“指定话题”。Since translating is a skill which generally requires considerable practice, more people assume that it can be taught, 11 and to an extent this is true. But this is also true that really 12 exceptional translators are born, not made. Potential transl
30、ators might have a high level of aptitude for the creative use of 13 language, or they are not likely to be outstanding in their profession. Perhaps the great benefit from instruction in 14 translating is to become aware of one“s own limitations. For many people the need for human translators seems
31、paradoxical in this age of computers. Since modem computers can be loaded with dictionaries and grammars, why should not 15 let computers do the work? Computers can perform certain very simple interlingual tasks, providing there is sufficient pre-editing and post-editing. But neither advertising bro
32、chures and lyric 16 poetry can ever be reduced to the kind of logic required for computer programs. Computer printouts of translations can often be understood, if the persons involved already know what text is 17 supposed to say. But the results of machine translating are usually in an unnatural for
33、m of language or sometimes just plain 18 weird. Furthermore, real improvements will not come from merely doctoring the program or adding rules. The human brain is not only digital and analogic, but it also has a built-in system of values which gives them componentially incalculable 19 advantage over
34、 machines. Human translators will always be necessary for any text which is stylistically appealing and semantically complexwhich include most of what is worth 20 communicating in another language.（分数：25.00）解析：moremost/many，此处在上下文均无比较的参照物，意思应是“多数人、大部分人”。解析：thisit，此处应为形式主语 it，意指 that 引导的从句。解析：mightmu
35、st，从上下文来看，此处是必要条件，而非“可以”或“可能”。解析：greatgreatest，从上下文语义走向以及常识来看，此处应为最高级。解析：should 删去，why not 意为“何不”，无“why should not”的用法。解析：andnor，neither.nor.固定搭配。解析：textthe，此处 text 有确指，即上文提及的所翻译的文字。解析：orand，此处语义有递进。解析：themit，此处指代的是上文中的人脑，为单数。解析：includeincludes，此处主语应是 any text，应为第三人称单数。We do not end conversations by
36、 simply walking away from our listeners or by bluntly stopping our contribution to the conversation. Conversations end through the use of unpredictable 21 transitions. Conversations more or less wound down step by step. 22 When participants believe that they have completed their last topic, they pre
37、pare to exit and then do so. In many conversations, we give off signals that the dialogue is about to end before it does. These signals may come by the form of preclosing statements 23 such as I guess I“ll have to let you go, Let“s do lunch sometime , That“s about it , or OK. These comments tell the
38、 listener that the speaker is about to stop talking. Benjamin thanks Alice at the end of the phone call and she says OK, indicating that last topic 24 has been completed. They then end the conversation with a mutual good-bye. Sometimes after ending a conversation, 25 acquaints will reassure each oth
39、er that they will talk again to 26 reaffirm their relationship; that is, the break is not a permanent one. Scholars found that speakers had several conventional 27 strategies to end conversations. Some will summarize the conversation; others express pleasure about the relationship, plans for future
40、conversations, or wish the listener well. These 28 closing strategies tend to follow a linear sequence. People make the summary statements early in the closing sequence and then do the well-wishing at the end of the sequence. For such, the ending sequence and the reciprocal statements 29 among the p
41、articipants produce a mutual conversational dance to 30 the end.（分数：25.00）解析：unpredictablepredictable，结合上下文，这些过渡是可以预测的而非不可预测的。解析：woundwind，wind down 是固定搭配，意为“逐渐结束”。解析：byin，“以形式”通常用 in 而非 by。解析：lastthe，last 意为“上一个”，而 the last 意为“最后一个”，结合上下文此处应取后者。解析：afterbefore，结合上下文，此处应为“在对话结束前”。解析：acquaintsacquaint
42、ances，acquaint 为动词，acquaintance 才是此处所指的“熟人”。解析：hadhave，此处表学者所发现的事实，应为一般现在时。解析：plansplan，此处应为动词一般现在时，而非名词复数或动词第三人称单数。解析：ForAs，as such 是固定搭配，意为“像这样的情况”。解析：amongbetween，从上下文来看应为两方之间，所以用 between 而非 among。Ultimate reality, declares that Marxism, is material, not 31 spiritual. What we know beyond any doub
43、ts is that human 32 beings exist and live in social groups. All of our actions and responses to such activities like eating, working, and even 33 playing are related in some way to our culture and society. In order to understand ourselves and our world, we must at first 34 acknowledge the interrelat
44、edness of all our actions within society. If, for example, we want to know who we are and how we should live, we must stop trying to find answers by looking solely to religion or philosophy and beginning by examining all 35 aspects of our daily activities within our own culture. Upon examining our d
45、aily routines, including our beliefs and values, we will discover that it is our cultural and our social circumstances which determine who we are. What we believe, 36 what we value, and, in many ways, what we think is a direct 37 result of our culture and our society, not our religion or our suppose
46、d philosophy of life. When we examine our society, declares Marxism, we will discover that its structure is built upon a series of ongoing conflicts within social classes. The chief reason for these 38 conflicts is the varying ways the members of society work and utilize its economic resources. Acco
47、rding to Marx, the methods 39 of economic production and the social relationships they engender form the economic structure of society is called the 40 base. In America, for example, the capitalists exploit the working classes, determining for them their salaries and their working conditions, among
48、a host of other elements of their lives.（分数：25.00）解析：that 删去，此处 declares Marxism 为倒装的插入语。解析：doubtsdoubt，beyond(any)doubt 为固定搭配，意为“毫无疑问”。解析：likeas，such.as.为固定搭配。解析：at 删去，at first 意为“开始、起初”，但此处应为“首先”之意。解析：beginningbegin，结合文意，此处应与 stop 并列，为动词原形。解析：whichthat，强调句，用 that 连接其他非强调部分。解析：isare，前有三个并列主语，应为复数。解析：withinbetween，结合上下文，此处矛盾应是处于不同阶级之间而非各个阶级本身的。解析：itstheir，此处指代前文的社会成员们，应为复数。解析：is 删去，或在 is 前which，此处为定语修饰前文的 the economic structure of society。
