1、职称英语综合类 B 级模拟 78 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.The ability to react to environmental stimuli is a basic and general characteristic of living organisms.（分数：1.00）A.rejectB.repeatC.return toD.respond to2.All living organisms, regardless of their unique identity, have certai
2、n biological, chemical, and physical characteristics in common.（分数：1.00）A.as a result ofB.consideringC.cognizant ofD.whatever3.After Emily Dickinson retreated from the world at the age of twenty-six, she wrote more than one thousand poems.（分数：1.00）A.received praise fromB.withdrew fromC.rebelled agai
3、nstD.traveled around4.Thomas Fuller was so skilled at mathematics that he was known in the eighteenth century as the “Virginia Calculator.“（分数：1.00）A.fascinated byB.articulate aboutC.proficient inD.suspicious of5.Didn“t you know that the naughty girl used to skip classes?（分数：1.00）A.attend classes in
4、 timeB.miss classesC.cheat in classesD.be unhappy about classes6.Marxism doctrine was spelled out in the Communist Manifesto.（分数：1.00）A.evaluatedB.detailedC.supportedD.mentioned7.The megaphone makes the voice sound louder because it points sound waves in one direction and keeps them from spreading o
5、ut in all directions.（分数：1.00）A.slitheringB.radiatingC.interferingD.murmuring8.The exploits of the legendary miner, John Henry, have come to symbolize the manual laborer“s stand against mechanization.（分数：1.00）A.contrast withB.interaction withC.ignorance ofD.defiance of9.In arithmetic, a number stand
6、s for the size of a set of things.（分数：1.00）A.measuresB.estimatesC.cancelsD.represents10.Some species of bacteria and fungi thrive on simple compounds such as alcohol.（分数：1.00）A.mix withB.do well onC.exist inD.float on11.Why do you want to throw away those books?（分数：1.00）A.imitateB.discussC.extractD.
7、discard12.The Pullman Strike of 1894 tied up transportation and was finally ended only by government intervention.（分数：1.00）A.relied uponB.hinderedC.linked withD.imitated13.Although a herd of African elephants may have up to one thousand members, Asiatic elephants live in bands of five to sixty anima
8、ls.（分数：1.00）A.as many asB.more thanC.fewer thanD.at least14.Prohibition in the United States ushered in an era of crime and corruption.（分数：1.00）A.introducedB.causedC.usedD.upset15.The Spanish, French, Dutch, and English all vied for North American territory.（分数：1.00）A.arrived onB.competed forC.dispo
9、sed ofD.sailed for二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Television Is Doing Irrearable Harm“Yes, but what did we use to do before there was television?“ How often we hear statements like this! Television hasn“t been with us all that long, but we are already beginning to forget what the world was like without
10、it, Before we admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes we never found it difficult to occupy our spare time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For instance, we used to have hobbies, we used to entertain our friends and be entertained by them, we used to go outside for our amusements to theat
11、res, cinemas, restaurants and sporting events, We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally. All that belongs to the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the “goggle box“. We rush home or gulp down our meals to be in time for this or that programme. We have
12、even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do anything, providing it doesn“t interfere with the programme. The monster demands absolute silence and attention. If any member of the family dares to open his mo
13、uth during a programme, he is quickly silenced. Whole generation are growing up addicted to the telly. Food is left uneaten, homework undone and sleep is lost, The telly is a universal pacifier. It is now standard practice for mother to keep the children quiet by putting them in the living room and
14、turning on the set. It doesn“t mater that the children will watch rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism(性虐狂) and violenceso long as they are quiet. There is a limit to the amount of creative talent available in the world, Every day, television consumes vast quantities of creative work, That i
15、s why most of the programmes are so bad it is impossible to keep pace with the demand maintain high standards as well. When millions watch the same programme, the whole world becomes a village, and society is reduced to the conditions which obtain in pre-literate communities (有文字之前的时期). We become ut
16、terly dependent on the two most primitive media of communication, pictures and the spoken work. Television encourages passive enjoyment. We become content with second-hand experiences. It is so easy to sit in our armchair watching others working. Little by little “television“ cuts us off from the re
17、al world. We get so lazy, we choose to spend a fine day in semi-darkness, glued to our sets, rather than go out into the world itself, Television may be a splendid medium of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with each other. We only become aware how totally irrelevant television i
18、s to real living when we spend a holiday by the sea or in the mountains, far away from civilization, In quiet natural surroundings we quickly discover how little we miss the hypnotic (催眠) tyranny of King Telly.（分数：7.00）(1).This article is about the disadvantages of television.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.Wrong
19、C.Not mentioned(2).We often go outside for our amusements now.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).We rush home to be in time for a programme.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).“The one-eyed monster“ refers to the TV set.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).One harm of telly is to c
20、onsume quantities of creative work.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).This article implies that all the TV sets in the world should be destroyed.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Watching too much TV may not only results in the laziness but also the low ability to do things.（分数：1.00）A
21、.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Screen Test1 Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, s
22、creen women under 50. 2 But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3 Researchers at the Polytechnic U
23、niversity of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women“s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 4 The mathematical model recommended by Britain“s National Ra
24、diological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5 The researchers argue that the level of r
25、adiation-induced cancers is “not very significant“ compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6 But they point out that the risk of women contracti
26、ng cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimize the technique“ for breast cancer screening. 7 “There is a trade-off between t
27、he diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,“ admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That“
28、s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme.“（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1 A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman B. Investing the Effect of Screening C. Effects Predicted by Two Different Models D. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation E. Treatment of Cancers F
29、. Factors That Trigger Cancers（分数：1.00）(2).Paragraph 3 1（分数：1.00）(3).Paragraph 4 1（分数：1.00）(4).Paragraph 5 1（分数：1.00）(5).Early discovery of breast cancer may 1. A. be costly B. harmful C. save a life D. still open to debate E. reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer F. reduced to the minimu
30、m（分数：1.00）(6).Advantages of screening women under 50 are 1.（分数：1.00）(7).Delaying the age at which screening starts may 1.（分数：1.00）(8).Radiation exposure should be 1.（分数：1.00）四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The FamilyThe structure of a family takes different forms around the word and
31、 even in the same society. The family“s form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family, consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be
32、prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one another. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America, the elderly often do not live with
33、 the family; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes. There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies, such as North America, and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits, who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapte
34、d to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions, mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans, the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility. The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time, the small nuclear family was us
35、ually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents, mother and father, brothers and sisters, uncles, aunts, and cousins. In North America today, there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by
36、divorced, separated, or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family, not just in North America, but throughout the world, continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.（分数：15.00）(1).Another good title for this passage would be _.（分数：3.00）A.Th
37、e Life of the Inuits.B.What Makes a Family?C.The Failure of the Nuclear Family.D.Living with Hardship.(2).A nuclear family is defined as _.（分数：3.00）A.parents, grandparents, and childrenB.parents, children, and aunts and unclesC.a married couple with their minor childrenD.a single father with minor c
38、hildren(3).The information in this passage would most likely be found in _.（分数：3.00）A.a geography textbookB.a mathematics textbookC.an anthropology textbookD.a biology textbook(4).The information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through _.（分数：3.00）A.listing statisticsB.pointing out similar
39、itiesC.pointing out differencesD.telling a story(5).The word mobility means _.（分数：3.00）A.readiness to moveB.organizationC.moneyD.skill六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Human IngenuitySince the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burden
40、some, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated
41、by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains
42、are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision that highly skilled physicians can achieve w
43、ith their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“
44、says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can“t yet give a robot enough “common sense“ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it
45、appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain“s roughly one hundre
46、d billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing
47、scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can“t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don“t
48、know quite how we do it.（分数：15.00）(1).Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _.（分数：3.00）A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elite“s cunning tackling of dangerous and
49、boring work(2).The word “gizmos“ (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means _.（分数：3.00）A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures(3).According to the text, what is beyond man“s ability now is to design a robot that can _.（分数：3.00）A.fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human beings verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a changing world(4).Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _.（分数：3.00）A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory
