1、职称英语卫生类 B 级-22 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B第 1 部分：词汇选项/B(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.She had sworn to uphold the policy.（分数：1.00）A.destroyB.keepC.damageD.support2.Urban renewal programs strive to upgrade areas that are becoming slums.（分数：1.00）A.reproachB.improveC.fortifyD.uproot3.We should cultivate these c
2、hildren according to their innate abilities.（分数：1.00）A.celestialB.differentC.splendidD.inherent4.Its natural for us to speculate about the reasons for their visit.（分数：1.00）A.doubtB.thinkC.work outD.reserve5.You should cultivate the habit of reading carefully.（分数：1.00）A.inventB.beginC.initiateD.devel
3、op6.She stored a lot of food in the basement.（分数：1.00）A.barB.cottageC.shackD.cellar7.The number of United States citizens who are eligible to vote continues to increase.（分数：1.00）A.encouragedB.enforcedC.expectedD.entitled8.Alternative sources of protein must be found when meat and fish are not availa
4、ble.（分数：1.00）A.NewB.Less expensiveC.MoreD.Other9.Im glad Im not in his shoes with all those debts to pay off.（分数：1.00）A.in his officeB.in his carC.in his positionD.his friend10.Many detectives ignored the inconspicuous detail.（分数：1.00）A.attractiveB.unconsciousC.unnoticeableD.unknowning11.The study o
5、f English was even made compulsory in some high schools in Germany.（分数：1.00）A.compulsiveB.requiredC.compressedD.selective12.She was shocked by the strange noises.（分数：1.00）A.joltedB.frightenedC.terrifiedD.uncomfortable13.Some drugs taken in large quantities cause permanent brain damage.（分数：1.00）A.tem
6、poraryB.intermittentC.lastingD.instant14.Don t fling your clothes on the floor, hang them up.（分数：1.00）A.throwB.washC.scatterD.collect15.Honey guides, or indicator birds, collaborate with honey badgers in seeking out bee colonies.（分数：1.00）A.work togetherB.travel northC.liveD.compete二、B第 2 部分：阅读判断/B(总
7、题数：1，分数：7.00)Between 1986 and 1992 in the United States, mortality due to coronary heart disease among white men 45 to 74 years of age decreased by 26 percent, continuing a trend that began in the mid-1960s. Americans are thus doing something right. But did fish consumption help? This is where the H
8、ealth Professionals Follow-Up(起作用) Study comes in. The study deals with the intake(摄影) of n-3 fatty acids and fish. The researchers calculated the intake of fish for 44,895 male health professionalsmost of them dentistsin 1986 and kept track of their health status for the next six years. Surprisingl
9、y, the intake of n-3 fatty acids or fish in 1986 was not related to the risk of subsequent coronary disease. The number of participants was much larger than in other studies, and the methods and data analysis were solid. Also, measurements of fatty acids in adipose tissue showed that the questionnai
10、re reliably ranked respondents according to their intake of n3 fatty acids. The researchers carefully spell out the limitations of the study. First, two thirds of the men had greatly increased their intake of fish over the 10 years before 1986. Some of those increases could have occurred. Shortly be
11、fore the base-line investigation in 1986, because the inverse relation between fish consumption and mortality due to coronary heart disease was first reported in 1985. Thus, data on fish intake may not reflect long term habits, and changes in fish intake during follow-up could also have attenuated a
12、n association with coronary disease. The authors performed separate analyses including only men who reported no change in their fish intake and again found no effect. However, it is hard for people to recall whether they changed their diet several years ago. Second, the fish intake of these educated
13、 men was high and was more comparable with that of Norwegians or Japanese than with intake in the U.S. men studied previously. The epidemiologic data suggest that any beneficial effect is obtained with one or two servings of fish per week and that more is not better. Moreover, previous studies of fi
14、sh intake have shown an association with the rate of mortality due to coronary disease, rather than with the incidence of nonfatal coronaty disease or coronary surgery. When seen in that light, there is some agreement between the present study and previous reports, because the risk of death from cor
15、onariy heart disease was about 25 percent lower among men who ate at least some fish than among those who ate no fish at all. A third limitation of the study was that some of the men studied may have begun to eat fish, or may have eaten more, because they thought that they were at increased risk of
16、a heart attack;the men in the highest 20 percent of the study group in terms of their in-take of n-3 fatty acids more frequently reported a family history of coronary disease or a personal history of high cholesterol levels than men who ate less fish. The Harvard investigators concluded that increas
17、ing fish intake beyond one or two servings per week is unlikely to reduce the risk of coronary events substantially in men who are initially free of coronary disease. This is a prudent conclusion, and it could be extended to fish-oil capsules, which provide n-3 fatty acids in much larger amounts tha
18、n are commonly consumed in food. The findings of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study should somewhat dampen enthusiasm for fish and fish oil as a panacea against coronary disease. A little fish may still do some good, but more fish is not necessarily better. （分数：7.00）(1).Good diet helps prevent
19、 coronary heart disease.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(2).The purpose of this study is to determine whether fish intake can help people combat coronary disease.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(3).According to the text, the intake of fish in 1986 was related to the
20、 risk of subsequent coronary disease.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(4).The data of the study may not reflect the long-term habits of the participants, thus making the results of the study somewhat questionable.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(5).An acute heart att
21、ack often hits without warning.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(6).Serveral studies have proven that fish intake can lower the mortality rate due to coronary disease.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(7).The researchers concluded that fish-oil capsules had little effe
22、ct on coronary disease.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned三、B第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)1. Medical care has three main elements: diagnosis of disease or injury, treatment of disease or injury, and prevention of disease. 2. Serious ailments require diagnosis by an expert, who, in mo
23、st cases, is a doctor. Doctors use three main types of “clues“ in making a diagnosis:the patients case history, the doctor s physical examination of the patient, and the results of medical tests. Patients provide their own medical history by answering questions about their physical condition and pas
24、t illnesses. Doctors use medical instruments, such as a stethoscope to listen to a patients heart and lungs, to perform a physical examination. Medical laboratories aid diagnosis by making chemical and microscopic tests on body fluids and tissues. A physician may also order tests that use X rays, so
25、und waves or electric waves to detect disease by literally looking inside the body. 3. People usually recover from minor illnesses and injuries without special treatment. In these cases, doctors may simply reassure their patients and allow the body to heal it-self. But serious ailments generally req
26、uire special treatment. In these cases, a doctor may prescribe drugs, surgery, or other treatment. For thousands of years, drugs and surgery have provided two of the chief methods of treating disease. But modern science has helped make these methods much more effective than they used to be. Penicill
27、in aad other “wonder drugs“ help cure many infectious diseases that were once extremely difficult to treat. With the help of machines, surgeons can repair or replace organs that have been seriously damaged, including the heart and kidneys. Science has also helped develop entirely new methods of trea
28、tment. Radiotherapy, for example, makes use of X-rays and radioactive rays to treat cancer. 4. Doctors help prevent disease in various ways. They may give vaccinations to guard against such diseases as polio, hepatitis, and measles. They may also order a special diet or drug to strengthen a patients
29、 natural defenses against illness. People can also help themselves remain healthy by exercising, by not smoking, and by avoiding use of alcohol or illegal drugs. Doctors can prevent many diseases from becoming serious by diagnosing and treating them in their early stages. For this reason, most docto
30、rs recommend regular physical examinations. 5. Local governments also contribute to the prevention of disease. They do sc by enforcing public health measures. For instance, they make sure that the community has pure drinking water and a system of garbage and sewage disposal. A number of national and
31、 international organizations work to improve the quality of medical care. These organizations encourage medical education and research, help standardize medical practice, and enforce codes of professional conduct.（分数：8.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).P
32、aragraph 5 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_(6).A Stethoscope is a hearing instrument used for_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).Chemical and microscopic tests on body fluids and issues from patients are made in_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).Serious ailments generally call for_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、B第 4 部分：阅读理解/B(总题数：3，分数：45.00)B第一篇
33、/BCough is a normal physiologic reflex(生理反射) mediated by the “cough center“ of the brain. The function of this reflex is to clear airways of inhaled irritants, debris(碎屑), or secretions that have accumulated as a result of bacterial or viral infection. Cough may also occur in response to irritation
34、of inflame respiratory epithelium(呼息道上皮), as is commonly seen with some viral infections. Irritant-initiated cough often has little effect on clearance of secretions and is called “nonproductive cough“(咳痰). APPROACHES TO TREATMENT Cough accompanies many different disorders. Suppressing a productive
35、cough(千咳)can interfere with normal defense mechanisms and be potentially harmful. Suppression of nonproductive cough is safer but is not essential. Antitussive(镇咳的) use is justifiable in severe cases in which nonproductive cough is causing emesis, exhaustion, or significant loss of sleep. ANTITUSSIV
36、E AGENTS Three antitussive agents are commonly used: Codeine. Codeine suppresses the cough reflex by acting directly on the medullary(延髓的) cough center of the brain. Its drying effect on the respiratory mucosa can increase the viscosity of bronchial secretions. Antitussive effects of codeine are dos
37、e dependent in adults, but complete cough suppression may not be possible at nontoxic doses. Although codeine is the standard against which other antitussive medications are compared, it may be less effective in children than in adults. The recommended dosage for children is 1mg/kg/day in four divid
38、ed doses(maximum of 60 mg/day). Antitussive effects are greatest at one to two hours and persist for about four hours. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, and dizziness are the most common side effects. In over doses, toxicity consists primarily of respiratory depression and narcosis. Limited data sugge
39、st that single doses of more than 5 mg/kg may be lethal in children. Infants may be more sensitive to codeine s effects and may have decreased ability to metabolize the drug, thus, use of codeine in children less than one year old should be discouraged. Dextromethorphan(美沙芬). Like codeine, dextromet
40、horphan has antitussive activity but a very low addictive potential. In adults, the two drugs are considered equipotent. Dextromethorphans antitussive effect can begin as early as 15 to 30 minutes after a dose is taken, and its duration of action is between three and six hours. Because the drug is m
41、etabolized through oxidative pathways, infants metabolize dextromethorphan slowly and are at greater risk of dose-dependent side effects, particularly if given multiple doses.Dextromethorphan and codeine both act at the same central nervous system(CNS)site. Although CNS depression can be seen with e
42、ither agent, dextromethorphan has a wider margin of safety. Overdoses of up to 100 times the usual adult dose have not resulted in any fatalities. Treatment of overdose should include supportive measures and use of naloxone(纳洛酮), if respiratory depression occurs. Minor adverse effects (副作用) sometime
43、s seen in nonintoxicated patients include nausea, dizziness, and slight drowsiness. Diphenhydramine(苯海拉明). The antihistamine diphenhydramine has weak anti tussive effects. These effects may often be incomplete, however, and cough suppression may not be achived without side effects. In addition to ac
44、ting on medullary cough centers, diphenhydramine has peripheral anticholinergic(抗胆碱能的) effects that may contribute to its cough-suppressing action. The anticholinergic effects may also help to dry the respiratory tract and thicken secretionsundesirable effects in patients with productive cough. In a
45、dults, 25 to 50 mg of diphenhydramine has produced cough suppression equivalent to that of 15 mg of codeine. Similar data in children are not available. GUIDELINES FOR USE OF ANTITUSSIVES Remember that cough is a sign of a disorder, and it does not always require an antitussive. If it is caused by a
46、nother disorder (e. g., foreign body, allergy, or asthma), therapy is more appropriately directed at the underlying cause. Do not suppress productive cough associated with chronic pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, or chronic bronchitis. Concentrate on good fluid intake, to help mob
47、ilize pulmonary secretions, and treatment of the underlying disorder. Remember that suppression of mild cough that commonly accompanies a cold or uncomplicated respiratory tract infection has not been proven to be either safe or harmful. Teach parents that cough is a protective mechanismnot somethin
48、g to be stopped. Stress that the expectorants, anti-histamines, and decongestants contained in many cough preparations have not been shown to be more effective than an antitussive agent used alone. Centrally acting cough suppressants are specifically contraindicated in the acute phases of pertussis(
49、百日咳) and acute bronchial asthma because they can contribute to plugging(堵塞) of mucus and lead to clinical deterioration(恶化). （分数：15.00）(1).Nonproductive cough is mostly caused by_.（分数：3.00）A.emesisB.asthmaC.secretionsD.irritants(2).Which of the following is NOT right?（分数：3.00）A.Cough is a normal physiologic reflex.B.Suppression of cough is always needed.C.Codeine is the
