1、职称英语卫生类 B级-19 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B第 1部分：词汇选项/B(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Many difficult words are outside the scope of this learners.（分数：1.00）A.awarenessB.distanceC.rangeD.aim2.Every experience teaches the people something and the effects are cumulative.（分数：1.00）A.increasingB.conspicuousC.noticeab
2、leD.dubious3.The attack on Fort Sumter near Charleston provoked a sharp response from the North, which led to the American Civil War.（分数：1.00）A.demandedB.elicitedC.expeditedD.defied4.Our interests were quite distinct from these of the managers.（分数：1.00）A.differentB.gratefulC.nobleD.mature5.He devote
3、s his time to the acquisition of knowledge.（分数：1.00）A.achievementB.handleC.obtainingD.provision6.Merge the following two short sentences into one new sentence.（分数：1.00）A.SplitB.BreakC.CombineD.Divide7.The road was covered with snow and ice. So I slithered very often.（分数：1.00）A.walked slowlyB.looked
4、aroundC.slipped unsteadilyD.fell to the ground8.Benjamin Rush established the first free dispensary in the United States.（分数：1.00）A.clinicB.schoolC.libraryD.university9.Im sceptical of the teams chances of winning.（分数：1.00）A.hesitateB.doubtfulC.humbleD.irritable10.The womans scowl showed she was not
5、 satisfied with the service here.（分数：1.00）A.ironic expressionB.bad-tempered lookC.good lookingD.tricky look11.The consumption of beer did not go down when the tax was raised.（分数：1.00）A.productionB.priceC.expenseD.value12.She had to look after a house, a big garden and five dogs into the bargain.（分数：
6、1.00）A.in additionB.includingC.exceptD.in all13.Because of the strong sun Mrs. William new blue dining-room curtains faded to gray within a year.（分数：1.00）A.window coveringsB.cushionsC.curvesD.screens14.Many rich men only drive old, unpretentious cars.（分数：1.00）A.ordinaryB.second-handC.luxuryD.shabby1
7、5.My wife has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my job.（分数：1.00）A.exhaustingB.demonstratingC.usingD.exhibiting二、B第 2部分：阅读判断/B(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Antibiotic resistance doesnt just make pathogens(病原体) difficult to treat, It also makes them harder to track Traditionally, epidemiologists(流行病专家)
8、following the paths of disease-causing microbes have identified their suspects by features of bacterial polysaccharide(多糖) coats, susceptibility to different antibiotics, or other schemes But these tracking techniques “are losing their relevance (相关性,实用性), “says Alexander Tomasz, a microbiologist at
9、 Rockefeller University in New York City. With the increase in drug resistance, a variety of resistant microbes can now wear the same coat or be resistant to the same drugs, making it harder and harder to keep tabs on individual strains (菌株). Epidemiologists, therefore, are increasingly turning to m
10、ore precise molecular typing techniques, such as DNA fingerprinting, to distinguish resistant strains. DNA typing tools are, of course, not new. Indeed, some DNA-based methods, such as comparing plasmids (质体)(small rings of DNA outside the chromosomes 染色体), have been used by epidemiologists to track
11、 infections since the 1970s. but since plasmid DNA is transferred easily and often between different strains, that technique too has its limitations. More recent techniques use restriction enzymes to cut apart entire bacterial chromosomes into strain-specific fragment patterns, Another method uses s
12、pecific radiolabeled (放射标汇的) DNA probes, in a technique known as Southern hybridization(杂交), to test for the presence of a particular drug-resistance gene in a bacterial strain. “Such tools give epidemiologists, unprecedented resolving power for identifying reservoirs and transition routes of genes
13、and pathogens, “says Tomasz. That has helped researchers track a number of drug-resistant clones as they travel vast distances. Such tracking methods also “help us learn about the mechanism of resistance, “says CDC(疾病控制和预防中心) epidemiologist Robert Breiman. Resistance grows, he explains, either as on
14、e resistant organism spreads from one location to the nextas in the Brazilian MRSA(耐甲氧苯青素金黄色葡萄球菌)or as different strains and even species of microbes share the genes responsible for drug resistance, as a series of studies of vancomycin(万古霉素) resistance recently demonstrated. That knowledge also help
15、s public health officials combat the spread. If resistance spreads “horizontallyas a microbe increases its range, Breiman says its important to focus prevention efforts on minimizing person-to-person spread in hospitals and day-care centers. If, however, resistance genes are jumping between organism
16、s, that suggests that overly aggressive antibiotic treatment is encouraging nonresistant bugs to acquire new genes. “In such cases, the focus needs to be on controlling anti-microbial use, “says Breiman. The hoped-for result: fewer infections to track. （分数：7.00）(1).Aspirin is one of the worlds oldes
17、t pain remedies.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(2).Antibiotic resistance makes pathogens neither more difficult to treat nor harder to track.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(3).According to Alexander Tomasz, the traditional tracking techniques are turning out to be
18、 efficient.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(4).The experts of epidemiology are trying more precise molecular trying techniques so as to distinguish resistant strains.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(5).Using specific radio-labeled DNA probes provides epidemiologists
19、 unprecedented resolving power for identifying reservoir and transition routes of genes and pathogens.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(6).It is of vital importance to concentrate prevention efforts on minimizing person-to-person spread.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mention
20、ed(7).This enzyme manufactures prostaglandins, substances that cause pain and inflammation.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned三、B第 3部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)1. AIDS is the final, life-threatening stage of infection with human immuno-deficiency virus(HIV). AIDS stands for acquired imm
21、uno-deficiency syndrome. The name refers to the fact that HIV severely damages the patients disease-fighting immune system. Cases of AIDS were first identified in 1981 in the United States, but researchers have traced cases to as early as 1969. Millions of AIDS cases have been diagnosed worldwide. 2
22、. AIDS is caused by two viruses that belong to a group called retroviruses. The first AIDS virus was isolated by researchers in France in 1983 and researchers in the United States in 1984. This virus became known as HIV-1. in 1985, scientists in France identified another closely related virus that a
23、lso produces AIDS. This virus, named HIV-2, occurs mainly in Africa. HIV-1 occurs throughout the world.3. People infected with HIV eventually develop symptoms that also may be caused by other, less serious conditions. With HIV infection, however, these symptoms are prolonged and often more severe. T
24、hey include enlarged lymph glands, tiredness, fever, loss of appetite and weight, diarrhea, yeast infections of the mouth and vagina, and night sweats. 4. An HIV-infected person may develop AIDS from 2 to 15 or more years after becoming infected. In children born with HIV infection, this interval is
25、 usually shorter. A few people who have been infected with HIV for more than 15 years have not developed any symptoms or suffer only minor symptoms. An infected person can transmit the virus to another person whether or not symptoms are present. Infection with HIV appears to be lifelong in all who b
26、ecome infected. 5. Researchers have identified three ways in which HIV is transmitted: sexual intercourse, direct contact with infected blood, and transmission from an infected woman to her fetus or baby. The most common way of becoming infected is through intimate sexual contact with an HIV-infecte
27、d person. In the United States, sexual transmission of HIV has occurred mainly among homosexual men, but it is becoming more frequent among heterosexual men and women. 6. People who inject drugs into their bodies can be exposed to infected blood by sharing hypodermic needles, syringes, or equipment
28、used to prepare drugs for injection. Health-care workers can become infected with HIV by coming into direct contact with infected blood. This may occur through injury with a needle or other sharp instrument used in treating an HIV-infected patient. A few patients have become infected while receiving
29、 treatment from an HIV-infected dentist. 7. An infected pregnant woman can transmit the AIDS virus to her fetus even if she has no symptoms. Transmission may also occur from an HIV-infected mother to her baby through breast-feeding. 8. Studies indicate that HIV is not transmitted through air, food,
30、or water, or by insects. No known cases of AIDS have resulted from sharing eating utensils, bathrooms, locker rooms, living space, or classrooms.（分数：8.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3 _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4 _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 5 _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_(6).People with HIV infection
31、usually develop AIDS_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).HIV is transmitted in three ways: sexual intercourse, transmission from an infected woman to her fetus or baby and_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).An HIV-infected mother may transmit the AIDS virus to her fetus through_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、B第 4部分：阅读理解/B(总题数：3，分数：45.00)B第
32、一篇/BI had been working in the trauma unit at a local hospital for about a year. You get used to families thinking that a “coma“ patient is moving their hand or doing something that they were asked to do. “Following commands“ is what we call it. Often its “wishful thinking“ on the families part. Nurs
33、es can easily become callous to it. On this particular night during visiting hours, my patients wife came in. I had taken care of him for severam nights. I was very familiar with his care and what he was able to do. Actually, he didnt do anything. He barely moved at all, even when something would ob
34、viously hurt him, such as suctioning. His wife was very short, about 5 feet tall. She had to stand on a stool to lean over him, so that she could see his face and talk to him. She climbed up on the stool. I spoke to her for a few minutes, and then stepped out to tend to my other patient. A few minut
35、es later, she came running out of the room. In an excited voice, she said, “Donna, hes moving his hand!“ I immediately thought that it was probably her imagination, and that he had not actually done it on purpose. He had been there about a month at the time and had never made any movements on purpos
36、e. I asked her what had happened and she said, “I asked him to squeeze my hand and he did !“ This led me to another train of questioning. “But, did he let go when you asked him to?“ She said yes, that he had done exactly what she asked. I went into the room with her, not really believing that I woul
37、d see anything different than I had always seen. But I decided that it would be better to pacify her than to make her think I didnt believe her or that she was somehow mistaken. She asked him to squeeze her hand, which he did. I said, “Well, ask him to let go.“ He continued to squeeze for a moment,
38、so that when he finally did let go, I really still didnt believe that he had done it on Purpose. So, I said, “Ask him to hold up one finger.“ He did as asked. Well, hmm, this was starting to get my attention. I looked at him, his face still somewhat swollen and his eyes still closed. “Stick out your
39、 tongue!“ I said. He did it. I almost fell on the floor. It was the first time I had ever seen anyone “wake up. “ （分数：15.00）(1).The first paragraph indicates that more often than not a coma patient _.（分数：3.00）A.is found to be following commandsB.is thought to be following commandsC.is used to follow
40、ing commandsD.is callous to nurses commands(2).What was the condition of the patient before that particular night?（分数：3.00）A.He talked only with his wife.B.He barely moved at all.C.He moved only when hurt.D.He was too lazy to do anything at all.(3).How did the author feel upon first hearing what the
41、 excited wife said?（分数：3.00）A.She was amused.B.She was doubtful.C.She was scared.D.She was shocked.(4).What did the patient do on that particular night?（分数：3.00）A.He squeezed and let go his wifes hand.B.He held up one of his fingers.C.He stuck out his tongue.D.All of the above.(5).The author “almost
42、 fell on the floor“ because_.（分数：3.00）A.she could hardly believe her eyes.B.she had been working too hard.C.she had been deceived.D.she had been tripped.B第二篇/BWe all age at different rates. Heredity clearly plays an important part. But recent research studies by gerontologists indicate that life-sty
43、le may be equally significant in determining who will remain youthful. As a rule, single men and women have shorter lives than married men and women. Studies show that those who have been widowed, especially men, have a longer life expectancy if they remarry soon. Both men and women seem to have a g
44、reater resistance to disease and death when their marriage is undamaged. According to a 1960 study, women who have borne three children have the lowest mortality rates. Those who have borne four or more have the highest. Childless women and those with only one child generally dont live as long as mo
45、ther of two or three, according to University of Chicago sociologists Evenly M. Kitagawa and Philip M. Hauser. Its impossible to say how much sleep is ideal. Some people thrive on five hours a night, others seem to require eight or nine. Scientists agree that consistency in sleeping pattern is more
46、significant; its better to get six hours sleep every night than ten hours one night and three the next. While its true that very few people who enjoy a long life are fat, this does not mean that every pound you gain is going to shorten your life. In fact, an ongoing study in Framingham, Mass. , has
47、showed that during at least 30 years of middle life, leanness was a higher factor for mortality than fatness! What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy. Weighing 20 percent more or less than you should weigh can, in certain cases, be a life shortener. The ben
48、efits of regular exercise are indisputable. Men engaged in energetic and persistent physical labor have fewer heart attacks. But many researchers believe that exercise need not be very strong to keep you in shape. The first principle of any life-extension program, then, is to enjoy every moment of t
49、he life you havewhether it lasts one more year or a hundred. As the philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau put it: “Teach him to live rather than to avoid death. Life is not breath but action, the use of our senses, mind, faculties, every part of ourselves which makes us conscious of our being. “ （分数：15.00）(1).Which of the following is not beneficial to
