1、托福-6 (1)及答案解析(总分：109.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Set 1(总题数：2，分数：6.00)Air Pollution and Acid RainThe increasing variety and prevalence of pollution presents the world with many extremely daunting problems, air pollution in particular ranks among the most serious. In the following text, ai
2、r pollution and acid rain caused by automobiles will be discussed. Certain solutions to the problem will be provided in the conclusion.It is widely known that cars are the main cause of air pollution in cities, accounting for 60% to 90% of all air pollution. This will get worse as the number of cars
3、 increases in urban areas. How do cars cause air pollution? First we must examine how a car works. Theres a mixture of petrol in the cars internal combustion engine which create the force for the automobile to move. Unfortunately, in this process there are some poisonous chemicals which remain; thes
4、e poisonous chemicals mainly come out of the car through the exhaust, its not just what comes out of the car exhaust that is dangerous, the brake system also causes pollution. Brakes on cars release asbestos, it is a highly dangerous substance and it can kill humans. Also, the tires themselves give
5、off small rubber particles which are not very healthy.Acid rain caused by air pollution has strongly influenced peoples lives. It is almost impossible to describe the mathematical relationship between what goes up as pollutant emissions and what comes down as acid rain. However, we do know the prima
6、ry source of acid rain is the pollution released by power plants. The pollutants combine with moisture in the atmosphere and then fall as an acid rain. Germans often call it royal water, because it can break down gold.The royal water falls in the form of rain or snow on the German Black Forest and a
7、ttacks the soil. Microorganisms within the soil perish and metals harmful to trees like aluminum leak into the ground. At the same time, the acid rain attacks the trees leaves and dissolves their waxy coating. The leaves then shrivel and die. About one in every ten trees in the Black Forest is a fir
8、. 76% of all firs in the Black Forest are dying. 41% of all spruce are diseased, 43% of all pine are diseased, 26% of beech trees and 16% of all other trees are dying. Environmental groups like Green Peace campaign around Europe trying to stop the causes of acid rain.We need to find solutions to thi
9、s problem. First, we should try and discourage the overuse of cars. We could do this by raising taxes on petrol or by making cars more expensive.Second, we can encourage alternative methods of transportation. For example, in Shanghai recently, a subway has been built underground, which takes some of
10、 the pressure off the roads. Some people would rather use the underground than drive their cars. Next, we could develop and use cleaner fuels instead of petrol. For example, we might use natural gas in the future or we might experiment with battery powered cars.Finally, the actual by-products of veh
11、icle emissions must be managed. (A) Scientists and engineers are now trying to use mechanical means for reducing the amount of chemicals that are emitted from cars exhaust pipes. (B) Germany is now leading the way in attacking this part of the problem. (C) In order to clean up motor vehicle emission
12、s, all new cars in Germany must now meet new emission standards and be fitted with a device called a catalytic converter. (D) This is a device that is fixed over the exhaust and controls the carbon monoxide and other dangerous chemicals that cars give off. Like Germany, the United States also introd
13、uced strict clean air-controls on motor vehicle emissions in the mid-70s as part of their efforts to reduce acid rain. Its unlikely that any one of these solutions will work on its own. It will take a combination of all four of these solutions to help solve the air pollution problem.（分数：5.50）(1).The
14、 word daunting in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.solvableB.frighteningC.promisingD.intrepid(2).The word exhaust in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.fatigueB.outletC.waste gasesD.extension(3).In Paragraph 3, the author describes the relationship between pollutant e
15、missions and acid rain by _.（分数：0.50）A.arguing that acid rain results from photosynthesis rather than from combinationB.describing the process of combining smoke and moisture in the atmosphereC.identifying various types of pollutants in the atmosphereD.comparing the scientific concept to a familiar
16、human experience(4).According to the passage, why is acid rain called royal water?（分数：0.50）A.Because it can dissolve gold which is the symbol of royalty.B.Because it seldom happens and is regarded as precious.C.Because “royal“ indicates the level of difficulty in acid rain prevention.D.Because this
17、problem has aroused the attention of royalty.(5).The word dissolves in Paragraph 4 refers to _.（分数：0.50）A.collapseB.convokeC.meltD.terminate(6).All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 2 as contributing to how cars cause air pollution EXCEPT _.（分数：0.50）A.the brakes on cars give off asbestos b
18、ad for healthB.car combustion emits poisonous chemicalsC.catalytic converters also produces poisonous chemicalsD.tires give off small rubber particles harmful to health(7).The word shrivel in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.vaporizeB.collapseC.shrinkD.evaporate(8).According to the
19、passage, which of the following is true of acid rain?（分数：0.50）A.Tree leaves die of lack of water from acid rain.B.Spruce growth is accelerated by acid rain.C.Acid rain kills the microorganisms within the soil.D.Beech trees suffer more than other trees in acid rain.(9).According to the passage, all o
20、f the following are the solutions recommended EXCEPT _.（分数：0.50）A.raising taxes on petrolB.encouraging the use of mass transitC.using catalytic convertersD.making cars more expensive(10).In Paragraph 7, the author suggests that the solutions to the problems _.（分数：0.50）A.prove to be effective.B.need
21、the worlds attention.C.should work together.D.function effectively individually.(11).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Use of the converter requires people to switch to lead-free petrol.Where would the sentence best fit?（分数：0.50）A.Squar
22、e .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .1.Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the problems and solutions to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points./r/n
23、/r/n Solutions/r/n Problems/r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n Answer Choices A. Reduce the price of cars. B. Produce poisonous chemicals in combustion engines. C. Fit the car with a catalytic converter. D. Use cleaner fuels rather than petrol. E. Cau
24、ses pollution by the brakes. F. Encourage alternative methods of transportation. G. Gives off small rubber particles by the tires. H. Raise taxes on petrol. I. Accelerates the growth of microorganisms within the soil.（分数：0.50）_三、Set 2(总题数：2，分数：6.50)Coming Soon: the Next Great Flu EpidemicThe virus f
25、irst came to officials attention in a bag of dead chickens. Early in March 1997, a farmer from Hong Kongs New Territories carried them into the Agriculture and Fisheries Department laboratory. The final state of some birds was a hideous, bloody mush. Cultures of their organs revealed they had died o
26、f avian influenza, type H5N1. Influenza of the H5 subtype had never been known to infect humans. But in the next seven months, 18 Hong Kong residents fell ill with H5N1 and six died.In late December 1997, public health officials took a drastic step, ordering the slaughter of every chicken in every f
27、arm and marketplace in Hong Kong. The HSN1 virus seemed to disappear but for how long?The specter of the 1918 flu was raised by this new avian flu. The 1918 flu was one of the most changeable and resistant viruses known to man. After weve been infected with one strain, it can mutate and infect us ag
28、ain. We are only immune to flu strains our bodies have seen before.A flu can also “jump species“ to an animal it has never infected before, once such a flu moves into humans, if it can “learn“ to pass easily between them, it can spark a pandemica global outbreak.Birds carry the flu virus in their in
29、testines and excrete it in their feces. In all likelihood, shoppers who got sick with H5 touched surfaces contaminated with chicken feces. Humans, however, carry flu in their respiratory tracts and usually spread them in a cough or sneeze. Flu strains that travel this way are highly contagious.The H
30、5 virus in Hong Kong was different. It sickened very few, but killed a third of those infected. Most who got sick with H5 seemed to catch it directly from a bird they bought in a live-poultry market.After the Hong Kong outbreak, flu experts feared that H5already deadly to humansmight learn to move b
31、etween humans as well as between birds. That “raises the specter of 1918“, says Nancy Cox, chief of the Influenza Branch of the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP).Geographic isolation was no protection during the 1918 pandemic. In the Alaska Territory, the mortality rate in some
32、 villages was as high as 90 percent. All told, at least 500000 Americans perished. It could happen again.The virus that became the Spanish flu probably came from a bird. Avian-flu expert Dr. Robert Webster of St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital in Memphis, Tenn., believes the virus may have leapt s
33、traight from birds to humans, possibly a year to two before the pandemic began. Once lodged in human lungs, it quickly passed from person to person in a simple cough or sneeze. To avoid that grim possibility, here are three measures all nations need to take:The first step is better surveillance. Mos
34、t countries, though, dont start tracking avian flu until after an epidemic kills their chickens. The United States dramatically increased its monitoring after a deadly outbreak in Pennsylvania in the early 1980s. The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) provides diagnostic support. Some vi
35、rologists recommend enhancing surveillance of swine flu too. The U. S. National Institutes of Health is beginning to study the issue.Elsewhere, the coverage is not good enough, says Dr. W. Paul Glezen of the Baylor College of Medicines Influenza Research Center. He names Africa and South America as
36、areas where the World Health Organizations net is incomplete.Another important measure is producing more vaccines and flu shots. Only three of the 15 known influenza subtypesH1, H2 and H3have been found in people. Vaccines exist for each, and an H5 vaccine is now being developed. Some experts believ
37、e that we should develop a vaccine for the other known subtypes as well.Health authorities add that more people need flu shots now. We should manufacture 120 million doses a year, but we are making only 80 million. If we bought more vaccines, manufacturers could produce more. This increased producti
38、on capacity would be invaluable in a pandemic.A strong pandemic plan. The U. S. government has been developing a pandemic plan since 1997. The Hong Kong outbreak, notes CDCP investigator Keiji Fukuda, was a “dry run“ for a real emergency. “It showed us we can get people there and answer some tough q
39、uestions,“ but “H5 also taught us that lots of issues are hard to grapple with they come so fast“.In March of this year, Hong Kongs Agriculture and Fisheries Department announced it had found H5N1 in the goose excrement of a poultry stall. (A) The virus was not identical to the 1997 version, and the
40、 next day it was gone. (B) However, the two viruses were related. (C) A month later, in April, the Hong Kong Department of Health announced that two girls, ages one and four, were recovering from an H9 flu virus found in poultry. (D) H9 has never before been known to infect humans.（分数：6.00）(1).The w
41、ord drastic in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.extremeB.effectiveC.radicalD.lenient(2).The word spark in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.respondB.operateC.activateD.spur(3).What did the “Hong Kong farmer“ case indicate through the inspection of cultures of their o
42、rgans? They had died of _.（分数：0.50）A.avian influenzaB.pneumoniaC.cardiopathyD.tuberculosis(4).What can be inferred from Nancy Coxs words in Paragraph 7 about Hong Kong outbreak raising the specter of 1918?（分数：0.50）A.The Hong Kong outbreak reminds us of the specter of 1918.B.The Hong Kong outbreak is
43、 worse than that of 1918.C.The Hong Kong outbreak is something like the specter of 1918.D.The Hong Kong outbreak makes the specter of 1918 come to lif(5).The word this in Paragraph 5 refers to（分数：0.50）A.coughB.touchC.jumpD.injection(6).According to Paragraph 9, how did the virus that made Spanish fl
44、u prevail?（分数：0.50）A.Through a simple cough or sneeze.B.Through drinking water.C.Through eating contaminated food.D.Through breathing the air.(7).According to the passage, what are the supposed carriers of the type of flu virus called H5NI?（分数：0.50）A.Birds that people bought in a live-poultry market
45、.B.Domestic animals, such as horses and cows.C.Domestic fowls, such as chickens.D.Fish that people kept as their foo(8).The word contaminate in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.corruptB.polluteC.cleanseD.infect(9).According to the passage, the flu is one of the most changeable viruses
46、known to man because _.（分数：0.50）A.it occurs over and over againB.it changes whenever it jumps speciesC.it is so catastrophic that it causes more deathD.it is mysterious and difficult to detect(10).In Paragraph 14, all the following are indicated with the phrase “ dry run“ EXCEPT _.（分数：0.50）A.it show
47、ed that experts can get people there and answer some tough questionsB.it taught us that lots of issues are hard to grapple with because they come so fastC.the H5 disease was too catastrophic to be controlled by human beingsD.it can serve as a wake-up call and none too soon(11).Many countries or area
48、s prepare little for a flu pandemic EXCEPT _.（分数：0.50）A.the United StatesB.AfricaC.South AmericaD.European countries(12).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.H5 was back.Where would the sentence best fit?（分数：0.50）A.Square .B.Square .C.Squa
49、re .D.Square .2.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas
