1、公共英语四级-(无语音，只提供参考)8 及答案解析(总分：101.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Note-taking SkillsNote-taking requires a high level of ability in many skills, particularly in the following four most important skills:1. Understanding what the lecturer says as he says it.-
2、A non-native speaker of English is usually under a strain for he may be unable to recognize words in speech which he understands in (1) _. (1) _He may not know the meaning of a new word.-A student should learn to infer the meaning of a new word from the context.-A student should (2) _ only on import
3、ant points so that he can (2) _ understand much of a lecture.2. Deciding what is important.-Read the (3) _ of a lecture carefully and understand its (3) _ meaning, for it implies the major points of a lecture.-Pay attention to a lecturers direct and indirect signals concerning whats important or uni
4、mportant. The direct signals are (4) _. The (4) _ indirect signals include (5) _, tempo, loudness and intonation of the (5) _ lecturers speech.3. Writing the main points quickly and clearly.-Using (6) _ when writing. (6) _-Selecting words which give (7) _information. (7) _-Choosing the right moment
5、to write notes.-Writing only one point on each line.-Listening attentively to the lecturer when such connectives as “however“, “on the other hand“ or “nevertheless“ are uttered, for they often mean that new and (8) _ information is to follow. (8) _4. Showing the relationship between the various poin
6、ts he noted.This can be done by a (9) _ presentation. (9) _Spacing and (10) _ are helpful in taking notes efficiently. (10) _（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）(1).The average life expectancy of ancient Egyptians is abou
7、t _.A. 32 B. 37 C. 50 D. 60（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is NOT a medical problem ancient Egyptians used to have?A. Dental decay. B. Tooth erosion.C. Malignant tumors. D. Insomnia.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The following are very common among ancient Egyptians EXCEPT _.A. abscess B. intestin
8、al parasitesC. anaemia D. drug addiction（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The mummy Rameses is different from other Egyptian mummies in that _.A. it cannot be destroyedB. its heart was not removedC. most internal organs were removedD. it was made with a different technique（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the follow
9、ing is NOT TRUE of Rameses?A. It was on display in Cairo in 1871.B. It was taken to Paris for research.C. It was seriously damaged in an upheaval.D. It was covered in new bandages.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、SECTION C(总题数：3，分数：4.00)1.Present Kihaki has called for patience of the investigation of the scandals
10、 becauseA he didnt want to approve the resignation of Education Minister.B the resigned officials wanted the opportunity to prove their innocence.C he thinks corruption hasnt reached high levels of the government.D John Githongo gave testimony to visiting Kenya members of Parliament.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D
11、.(1).Over the past ten years, the sharp increase in the sale of personal computers was due toA. better computer graphics and sound.B. the enhanced version of the Pentium processor.C. the success of the worlds first microprocessor.D. successful sales of Intel chips and Microsoft software.（分数：1.00）A.B
12、.C.D.(2).According to the passage, Intels profits in the next few monthsA. may not be that great.B. would be greater than before.C. would certainly be less than before.D. would certainly be the same as before.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.It is _ who direct many Cosa Nostras activities in Palermo.A. Bernardo P
13、rovenzano B. Antonino CinaC. Salvatore Riina D. Antonino Rotolo（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.五、PART READING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：4.00)According to legend, Aesculapius bore two daughters, Panacea and Hyegeia, who gave rise to dynasties of healers and hygienists. The schism (分离) remains today, in
14、clinical training and in practice; and, because of the imperative nature of medical care and the subtlety of health care, the former has tended to dominate. Preventive medicine has as its primary objective the maintenance and promotion of health. It accomplishes this by controlling or manipulating e
15、nvironmental factors that affect health and disease. For example, in California presently there is serious suffering and substantial economic loss because of the failure to introduce controlled fluoridation (加氟作用) of public water supplies. Additionally, preventive medicine applies prophylactic (预防性的
16、) measures against disease by such actions as immunization and specific nutritional measures. Third, it attempts to motivate people to adopt healthful lifestyles through education.For the most part, curative medicine has as its primary objective the removal of disease from the patient. It provides d
17、iagnostic techniques to identify the presence and nature of the disease process. While these may be applied on a mass basis in an attempt to “screen“ out persons with preclinical disease, they are usually applied after the patient appears with a complaint. Second, it applies treatment to the sick pa
18、tient. In every case, this is, or should be, individualized according to the particular need of each patient. Third, it utilizes rehabilitation methodologies to return the treated patient to the best possible level of functioning.While it is true that both preventive medicine and curative medicine r
19、equire cadres of similarly trained personnel such as planners, administrators, and educators, the underlying delivery systems depend on quite distinctive professional personnel. The requirements for curative medicine call for clinically trained individuals who deal with patients on a one-to-one basi
20、s and whose training is based primarily on an understanding of the biological, pathological, and psychological processes that determine an individuals health and disease status. The locus (地方)for this training is the laboratory and clinic. Preventive medicine, on the other hand, calls for a very bro
21、ad spectrum of professional personnel, few of whom require clinical expertise. Since their actions apply either to environmental situations or to population groups, their training takes place in a different type of laboratory or in a community not necessarily associated with the clinical locus.The e
22、conomic differences between preventive medicine and curative medicine have been extensively discussed, perhaps most convincingly by Winslow in the monograph The Cost of Sickness and the Price of Health. Sickness is almost always a negative, nonproductive and harmful state. All resources expended to
23、deal with sickness are therefore fundamentally economically unproductive. Health, on the other hand, has a very high value in our culture. To the extent that healthy members of the population are replaced by sick members, the economy is doubly burdened. Nevertheless, the per capita cost of preventiv
24、e measures for specific diseases is generally far lower than the per capita cost of curative medicine applied to treatment of the same disease. Prominent examples are dental caries (蛀牙) , poliomyelitis(脊髓灰质炎 ) and phenylketonuria (苯丙酮尿) .There is an imperative need to provide care for the sick perso
25、n within a single medical care system, but there is no overriding reason why a linkage is necessary between the two components of a health care system, prevention and treatment. A national health and medical care program composed of semiautonomous systems for personal health care and medical care wo
26、uld have the advantage of clarifying objectives and strategies and of permitting a more equitable division of resources between prevention and cure.（分数：4.00）(1).The authors primary concern is to _.A. refute a counterargument B. draw a distinctionC. discuss a dilemma D. isolate causes（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D
27、.(2).It can be inferred that the author regards a program of controlled fluoridation of public water supplies as _.A. an unnecessary government program that wastes economic resourcesB. a potentially valuable strategy of preventive medicineC. a government policy that has relatively little effect on t
28、he health of a populationD. an important element of curative medicine（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following best explains the authors use of the phrase “doubly burdened“ in Para. 4?A. A person who is ill does not contribute to production; treatment consumes economic resources.B. The per capita
29、cost of preventive measures is only one-half of the per capita cost of treatment.C. The division between preventive medicine and curative medicine requires duplication of administrative expenses.D. The individual who is ill must be rehabilitated after the cure has been successful.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4
30、).It can be inferred that the author regards Winslows monograph (in Para. 4) as _.A. ill-conceived B. incompleteC. authoritative D. well organized（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be. Suc
31、h consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared under
32、standing of the past, as Homers epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common
33、ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these, But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of per
34、sonality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In his study of narcissism, Christopher Lasch says that modem man, “tortured by self-consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free him
35、self of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for“. There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as ate found in
36、totalitarian societies, our culture is one of great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory. But this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some domina
37、ting ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth-a vision-about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relie
38、f from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolation, guilt,
39、 anxiety, and purposelessness -in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.（分数：5.00）(1).In the authors view, the greatest trouble with the US society lies in the _.A. lack of serious disagreement over the organizations of social lifeB. non-existence of unanimity
40、on the forms the society should takeC. general denying of its conformity with what it was unexpected to beD. public negation of the consensus on how to conduct social reforms（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Homers epics mentioned in Paragraph 1 exemplify the fact that _.A. the present is varying too fast to be
41、caught up easilyB. the future may be so indefinite as to be unpredictableC. the past can help to shape a consensus in the presentD. the past determines social moralities for later generations（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The asocial personality of Americans results from _.A. the multiracial constituents of t
42、he US society B. the absence of a common religion and ancestryC. the want of shared myths they possess in life D. the obstruction of achieving a general agreement（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lasch is most probably _.A. an earnest nationalist B. an advance
43、d psychologistC. a radical reformer D. a social historian（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans _.A. bring about the uniformity of their culture B. diminish their great individual differencesC. avoid the sense of being isolated and anxious D. regain the f
44、eelings of social values and morale（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.八、TEXT C(总题数：1，分数：5.00)David Landes, author of The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor, credits the worlds economics and social progress over the last thousand years to “Western civilization and its dissemination.“
45、The reason, he believes, is that Europeans invented systematic economic development. Landes adds that two unique aspects of Europeans culture were crucial ingredient in EUropes economic growth.First, Landes espouses a generalized form of Max Webers thesis that the values of work, initiative, and inv
46、estment made the difference for Europe. Despite his emphasis on science, Landes does not stress the notion of rationality as such. In his view, “what counts is work, thrift, honesty, patience, tenacity.“ The only route to economic success for individuals or states is working hard, spending less than
47、 you earn, and investing the rest in productive capacity. This is the fundamental explanation of the problem posed by his books subtitle: “Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor.“ For historical reasonsan emphasis on private property, an experience of political pluralism, a temperate climate, an urba
48、n styleEuropeans have, on balance, followed those practices and therefore have prospered.Second, and perhaps most important, Europeans were learners. They “learned rather greedily,“ as Joel Mokyr put it in a review of Landess book. Even if Europeans possessed indigenous technologies that gave them an advantage (spectacles, for example), as Landes believes they did, their most vital asset was the ability to assimilate knowledge from around the world and put it to useas in borrowing the concept of zero and rediscove
