1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 444及答案解析(总分：707.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Reform and Medical CostsA. Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer is that no one has
2、an easy fix for rising medical costs. The fundamental fixreshaping how care is delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal systemis likely to be achieved only through trial and error and incremental (渐进的) gains. B. The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill app
3、roved by the Senate Finance Committee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise in medical costs over the long term. As a report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded, “Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy literature these days is cont
4、ained in these measures.“ C. Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and the volume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lot mo
5、re tests and treatments than a patient really needs. D. Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to address those problems, and why it is hard to know how well they will work. E. Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals,
6、 nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savings routinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work. This proposal could save Medicare more than $100 billion over the next decade. If private plans demanded similar pr
7、oductivity savings from providers, and refused to let providers shift additional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics say Congress will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient providers off the hook (放过). That is far less likely to happen if Congress also adopts strong “pay-go“
8、roles requiring that any increase in payments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts. F. The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax (消费税) on health insurance plans that cost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would most likely cause insurers to redesig
9、n plans to fall beneath the threshold. Enrollees would have to pay more money for many services out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to think twice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists project that most employers would shift money from expensive he
10、alth benefits into wages. The House bill has no similar tax. The final legislation should. G. Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients who have tried to understand their own parade of statements, know that simplification ought to save money. When the healt
11、h insurance industry was still cooperating in reform efforts, its trade group offered to provide standardized forms for automated processing. It estimated that step would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade. The bills would lock that pledge into law. H. The stimulus package pro
12、vided money to convert the inefficient, paper-driven medical system to electronic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted. This requires open investments to help doctors convert. In time it should help restrain costs by eliminating redundant tests, preventing drug interactions, and helping
13、 doctors find the best treatments. I. Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service systemdoctors are rewarded for the quantity of care rather than its quality or effectivenessis a primary reason that the cost of care is so high. Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixed
14、 payments to care for a particular illness or for a patient“s needs over a year. No one knows how to make that happen quickly. The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare. They include such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a patient“s needs with an
15、 eye on both cost and quality, and chronic disease management to make sure the seriously ill, who are responsible for the bulk of all health care costs, are treated properly. For the most part, these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them. J. Testing innovations do no good
16、 unless the good experiments are identified and expanded and the bad ones are dropped. The Senate bill would create an independent commission to monitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicare“s payment policies to urge providers to adopt reforms that work. The changes would have to be
17、approved or rejected as a whole by Congress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will. K. The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which small businesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a public o
18、ption. All the plans would have to provide standard benefit packages that would be easy to compare. To get access to millions of new customers, insurers would have a strong incentive to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or demanding better deals from providers. L. The f
19、inal legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to the fierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican critics, it might not save much money. The one in the House bill would have to negotiate rates with providers, rather than using Medicare rates, as many refor
20、mers wanted. M. The president“s stimulus package is pumping money into research to compare how well various treatments work. Is surgery, radiation or careful monitoring best for prostate (前列腺) cancer? Is the latest and most expensive cholesterol-lowering drug any better than its common competitors?
21、The pending bills would spend additional money to accelerate this effort. N. Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of care. (That would be true only if you believed that patients should have an unrestrained right to treatments proven to be inferior.) As a result, the b
22、ills do not require, as they should, that the results of these studies be used to set payment rates in Medicare. O. Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatments proven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might be the most expensive. But overall,
23、we suspect that spending would come down through elimination of a lot of unnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments. P. The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human services to negotiate drug prices in Medicare and Medicaid. Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secr
24、etary would get better deals than private insurers already get. We believe negotiation could work. It does in other countries. Q. Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice costs. Malpractice awards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-risk specialties, and
25、there is some evidence that doctors engage in “defensive medicine“ by performing tests and treatments primarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.（分数：71.00）(1).With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans, most employers will likely transfer money from health expenses in
26、to wages.（分数：7.10）(2).Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influence lawmakers.（分数：7.10）(3).It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America.（分数：7.10）(4).Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medic
27、al expenses.（分数：7.10）(5).Republicans and the insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a public insurance plan.（分数：7.10）(6).Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests and prevent drug interactions.（分数：7.10）(7).The high cost of medical servi
28、ces and unnecessary tests and treatments have driven up medical expenses.（分数：7.10）(8).One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated for the amount of care rather than its effect.（分数：7.10）(9).Contrary to analysts“ doubts, the author believes drug prices may be lo
29、wered through negotiation.（分数：7.10）(10).Fair competition might create a strong incentive for insurers to charge less.（分数：7.10）三、Part Translation(总题数：10，分数：636.00)1.1911年，中国爆发了历史上的第一次资产阶级革命 辛亥革命 (the Revolution of 1911)，它推翻了中国封建社会的最后一个朝代清朝，废除了中国延续了 2000多年的封建帝制，建立了中国的第一个民主共和国中华民国。民国政府成立以后，要求全国人民都剪掉头上的
30、 辫子 (queues)，选择自己喜欢的发型。至此，在中国延续了 280多年的辫子法令终于被解除。 （分数：20.00）_2.中国饮食文化是中国烹饪和休闲文化的一个重要组成部分。中国的饮食文化如同中国的历史一样博大精深。中国饮食也因为源远流长传播到了世界其他地区而蜚声中外。在许多国家，那里著名的唐人街先是因为与众不同的中国饮食服务而被熟知。目前，很容易在世界各地找到中国食物，并且中国饮食已经成为引人注目的、有深远影响的中国文化的象征。中国的饮食因地理位置有所不同。从传统意义上说，中国共有八大菜系，被称之为：徽菜、粤菜、闽菜、湘菜、苏菜、鲁菜、川菜以及浙菜。 （分数：106.50）_3.腊八节腊
31、八节(Laba Festival)，俗称“腊八”，是古代欢庆丰收、感谢祖先和神灵的祭祀(sacrificial)节日。民间对于腊八节的起源说法不一。其中的一种说法是：三千多年前，人们要在阴历第十二个月举办一种名叫“腊”的献祭仪式。那时汉字“猎物”和“腊”是可以相互替代的(interchangeable)，之后人们就用“腊”指代两者。由于这个节日在腊月的第八天庆祝，人们后来补充了数字 8(汉语“八”)。因而有了现在的“腊八”。中国人有在腊八节喝腊八粥的传统。 （分数：20.00）_4.中国春节中国春节又叫农历新年，已有四千多年历史。作为中国传统节日之一，春节是中国人最盛大、最重要的节日。春节与西
32、方的圣诞节类似，是全家相聚的日子。春节起源于商朝，旨在庆祝全家团圆。节日期间的活动丰富多样，不同地区、不同民族的人们以各种独特的方式庆祝春节。春节的食物也有自己的特色，是中国节日食物文化的代表。 团圆饭 (the reunion dinner)必定离不开饺子，冷盘热菜皆有。鱼一直是一道重要的菜，体现了人们希望来年有余的愿望。 （分数：20.00）_5.香港是国际贸易中心之一，同时也是东亚地区的 枢纽 (hub of communications)。香港属于 亚热带气候 (subtropical climate)，年平均气温在 23左右，夏季炎热潮湿。人们一踏进香港，便会不由自主地 融入 (in
33、tegrate into)到快节奏的生活当中，同时尽享商业文明带来的种种便利。香港的 迪斯尼乐园 (Disneyland)和 海洋公园 (Ocean Park)是人们放松心情的大好去处；香港还是著名的“ 美食之都 (Gastronomy Capital)”，各类中西餐馆超过一万家；香港更享有“ 购物天堂 (Shopping Paradise)”的美誉，大部分物品 不收关税 (tariff-free)，可别错过如此好的采购机会! （分数：10.00）_6.最近，中国政府决定将其工业升级。中国现在涉足建造高速列车、远洋船舶、机器人，甚至飞机。不久前，中国获得了在 印度尼西亚 (Indonesia)
34、建造一条高铁的合同；中国还与 马来西亚 (Malaysia)签署了为其提供高速列车的合同。这证明人们信赖中国造产品。 中国造产品越来越受欢迎。中国为此付出了代价，但这确实有助于消除贫困，同时还为世界各地的人们提供了就业机会。这是一件好事，值得称赞。下次你去商店时，可能想看一看你所购商品的出产国名。很有可能这件商品是中国造的。 （分数：106.50）_7.什刹海什刹海 (Shicha Lake)四周原有十座佛寺，故有此称。元代名海子，为一宽而长的水面，明始缩小，后逐渐成为西海、中海和前海，自清代起就成为游乐消夏之所。什刹海本身就是一个没有围墙的开放式公园，是北京城里历史最悠久、景色最优美的地方之
35、一。近年来，沿湖一带兴起许多充满现代气息的酒吧，灯红酒绿，映衬着胡同老街、古桥寺庙和 王府 (mansion of the nobility)民居，别有一番风情。什刹海美丽如画，每当夜幕降临，水波荡漾，彩灯闪烁，沿湖漫步，着实惬意。 （分数：20.00）_8.中国共有八大菜系(cuisines)，包括辛辣的(spicy)川菜和清淡的粤菜。中国餐馆在世界各地很受欢迎。然而，中国人的生活方式日益变化，无论是自己下厨还是上餐馆，都出现了全新的饮食习惯。在一些传统的中国菜中，添加了奶酪和番茄酱(cheese and tomato sauce)。城市消费者频繁地光顾一些快餐连锁店，如麦当劳和肯德基。收入
36、的不断增长，对国际食品的更多了解，加上超市购物的便捷，使中国出现了更乐于尝试包装及罐装食品(packaged and canned food)的新一代消费者。 （分数：106.50）_9.经过多年的摸索，绿色交通的发展理念早已成为我国交通运输行业发展的共识。根据规划，到 2020年，我国交通运输行业有关指标将比 2005年实现大幅提升，基本建成绿色循环低碳交通运输体系。要实现这一目标，加快 智能交通系统 (intelligent transportation system)与信息化建设、不断推动多项信息化技术应用在交通领域的应用成为重要的工作着力点。信息化技术应用在交通领域的广泛铺开，不仅展现
37、出良好的发展前景，也促进了相关领域的企业加大合作力度。 （分数：120.00）_10.京广高速铁路客运专线(简称“京广高铁”)是以客运为主的高速铁路。这条铁路线途经大半个中国，全长 2,298千米，是世界上最长的高速铁路线路。过去，从北京到广州的火车旅程需要 20个小时，但是由于京广高速铁路的开通，这段时间缩短到了 8个小时。每天总共有 155组列车以平均 300千米/小时的速度行驶在这条铁路上。这条新铁路有一系列的措施来保证其安全性，这些措施包括增加对设备的 维修 (maintenance)和提升控制系统以解决可能发生的问题。 （分数：106.50）_大学英语六级分类模拟题 444答案解析(
38、总分：707.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Reform and Medical CostsA. Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer is that no one has an easy fix for risin
39、g medical costs. The fundamental fixreshaping how care is delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal systemis likely to be achieved only through trial and error and incremental (渐进的) gains. B. The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the Senate F
40、inance Committee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise in medical costs over the long term. As a report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded, “Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy literature these days is contained in these measur
41、es.“ C. Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and the volume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lot more tests and treatmen
42、ts than a patient really needs. D. Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to address those problems, and why it is hard to know how well they will work. E. Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals, nursing homes and ot
43、her providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savings routinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work. This proposal could save Medicare more than $100 billion over the next decade. If private plans demanded similar productivity savings fr
44、om providers, and refused to let providers shift additional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics say Congress will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient providers off the hook (放过). That is far less likely to happen if Congress also adopts strong “pay-go“ roles requiring that
45、any increase in payments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts. F. The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax (消费税) on health insurance plans that cost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would most likely cause insurers to redesign plans to fall benea
46、th the threshold. Enrollees would have to pay more money for many services out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to think twice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists project that most employers would shift money from expensive health benefits into wages. The House bill has no similar tax. The final legislation should. G. Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients who have tried to understand their own parade of statements, know that simplification ought to save money. When the health insurance
