1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 434 及答案解析(总分：527.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section B(总题数：1，分数：71.00)The Drugs Don“t WorkAJust last month, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a stunning report on the impact of resistant bacteria. According to the analysis, which CDC offi
2、cials said was conservative, more than 2 million people are infected in the United States each year by bacteria that are resistant to a wide array of the safest and most effective antibiotics. Of those, at least 23,000 die. The illnesses and deaths cost society some 55 billion annually-S20 billion f
3、rom additional health-care spending and 35 billion from lost productivity. “If we are not careful, we will soon be in a post-antibiotic era,“ said Dr. Tom Frieden, the director of the CDC. “And for some patients and for some microbes, we are already there.“ BResistant bacteria spread not only with c
4、ross-contamination from people who are already sick or unknowingly carrying the microbes; they also come from food Americans eat. Indeed, a current multistate outbreak of a multi-drug-resistant strain called Salmonella Heidelberg(海德堡沙门氏菌) was traced to Foster Farms brand chicken. As of October 11, t
5、he microbe had infected 317 people in 20 states and Puerto Rico; 133 of them required hospitalization. CIn the past, drug-resistant bacteria were relatively easy to confront, with pharmaceutical (制药的) companies pumping out ever-more sophisticated antibiotics. Big Pharma isn“t investing much time or
6、effort in these lines of treatment these days-why commit hundreds of millions of dollars to research and develop a new antibiotic that will only be taken by a patient for a few days, when a breakthrough drug for, say, diabetes could be both unique and used by people for a lifetime? D“We have an incr
7、easing antimicrobial resistance across the world and we have a decreasing pipeline of new antibiotics,“ said Dr. Ed Septimus, a professor of internal medicine at Texas AM Health Science Center and Medical Director for the Infection Prevention and Epidemiology Clinical Services Group at HCA Healthcar
8、e System. “It is a perfect storm in which, for some patients, it will feel like we are going back to the preantibiotic era.“ What would it be like living in a world without antibiotics? You can say goodbye to many lifesaving procedures we now consider commonplace. ETake heart transplants-they can be
9、 performed only because surgeons are confident the antibiotics they give patients before the procedure will prevent a postoperative infection. The same holds true for other complex surgeries. Chemotherapy (化疗) severely inhibits the immune system, which is why chemo patients require antibiotics. “So
10、many of these medical miracles that we take for gi“anted are only possible because we have been able to deal with infectious complications,“ said Ruth Lynfield, the state epidemiologist and medical director at the Minnesota Department of Health. “If we can“t do that, those areas of medicine-surgery,
11、 transplants, intensive care, neonatal care-could be lost. “ FAnd it could be even worse. Several medical experts noted that while a virus caused the influenza pandemic of 1918, most of the tens of millions of people who perished from the disease died of a bacterial infection in the lungs. With effe
12、ctive antibiotics, that complication can be treated. Given the scarcity of viral vaccines in much of the world, if a resistant bacteria takes hold, all anyone could do is find an effective way to dispose of the bodies. Given the stakes, it is astonishing to realize the causes of this threat are well
13、-understood and the ways to attack it well-known. Even as far back as 1945, Alexander Fleming, a pioneer in antibiotics, said, “the misuse of penicillin(青霉素) could be the propagation of mutant forms of bacteria that would resist the new miracle drug.“ GIn essence, this crisis is looming because the
14、world consumes too many antibiotics. In the United States, doctors prescribe them too often, many times because patients demand them for illnesses that are not bacterial and thus cannot be treated with antibiotics, such as colds and other sicknesses caused by viruses. The CDC found that the greatest
15、 use of antibiotics for humans occurs in the Southern states, a fact that medical experts struggle to explain. One thing the data and studies indicate, though, is that the areas with the highest use are most likely to experience the most resistant bacteria. HBut the amount of antibiotics used by hum
16、ans for medical purposes pales in comparison to the quantities fed to American livestock-pigs, cattle, and the like. According to the Food and Drug Administration, about 80 percent of all antibiotics sold in 2011 were used on animals, primarily for spurring growth. IWhat makes the use of antibiotics
17、 for growth in meat and poultry production particularly troublesome, experts say, is the low dosages. Using small amounts of antibiotics is more likely to create resistant bugs, the experts said, because the microbes are not wiped out. Instead, the bacteria are essentially trained to resist the drug
18、s. “It creates a reservoir of drug-resistant genes,“ said Dr. Henry Chambers, a professor of medicine at University of California San Francisco. JAntibiotics are also used for animals in the United States as a prophylactic (预防品), to prevent infections likely to spread because of the meat and poultry
19、 production process. These so-called “production diseases“ are the result of a system which places ever larger numbers of animals into ever smaller containment areas, exposing them to each other“s feces, urine and-as a result-bacteria. “We need to change the animal production system, where animals a
20、re healthier and infections become the exception and not the norm,“ said Price. “We should prevent infections in animals by not overcrowding them, not packing them in together and not exposing them to easy contamination.“ KThe connection between antibiotic usage in animals and the development of res
21、istant bacteria has long been recognized in Europe, which banned the use of the drugs as growth promoters in 2006. In the United States, the FDA only imposed voluntary restrictions in 2012, which, experts said, seems to have done little to decrease usage of antibiotics for livestock. “When you compa
22、re our use of antibiotics for animals to what they“re seeing in Europe,“ said Lynfield, “we are not doing well.“ LDespite the magnitude of the risk, many basic strategies for containing and identifying threats have not been adopted. For example, there is no comprehensive international surveillance o
23、f threats from antibiotic resistance; identification only occurs with the appearance of an outbreak rather than through examination of strains. According to the CDC, there is no systematic collection of detailed information about the use of antibiotics either in human health care or in agriculture i
24、n the United States. Without the ability to track, isolate and identify these pathogens, the both state and government health officials are unable to act until people start showing serious signs of illness or dying. MMedical experts agree that the use of antibiotics to spur growth in animals or to p
25、revent disease caused by processing techniques has to stop. They also say that up to half of the usage of antibiotics by humans is unnecessary. Programs to engage in what is known as “antibiotic stewardship“-training physicians on the proper uses of the drugs and even limiting the ability of doctors
26、 in hospitals who are untrained in infectious diseases to prescribe antibiotics-have begun to be implemented, although they are not yet widespread. Since large pharmaceutical companies have little economic incentive to develop antibiotics, the experts say, government has to step up, funding basic re
27、search into new treatments that would cut the cost for the development and sale of new drugs. NThe hardest step could be restraining the international use of antibiotics. Many resistant strains are emerging in India and Southeast Asia, where antibiotics can be purchased without a prescription, accor
28、ding to Dr. Trevor Van Schooneveld, medical director of the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. The resistant strains that emerge in those locations easily spread around the world; for instance, a resistant bacterium that causes urinary tract infections em
29、erged not long ago in New Delhi; it is now being found in the United States. OThe failure to pursue these solutions have left infectious-disease specialists frustrated as they see the world moving further and further away from the promise offered so many decades ago by antibiotics. Governments, they
30、 fear, may not act forcefully until the problem becomes overwhelming. “We may have to wait until the deaths of some really prominent and previously healthy people,“ said Relman. “It might be that only by shocking the public will we be able to have the world take this threat seriously.“（分数：71.00）(1).
31、Production diseases arise when too many animals are confined into small space to live in.（分数：7.10）(2).Antibiotics“ ability to fight against infectious complication makes it possible to carry out complicated surgeries.（分数：7.10）(3).Compared with antibiotics used on human beings, the use on farm animal
32、s in America is much more.（分数：7.10）(4).Antimicrobial resistance develops fast around the whole world; meanwhile, we have Less new antibiotics to produce.（分数：7.10）(5).According to Tom Frieden, if we don“t show proper concern about the problem, we will have no antibiotic to use in the near future.（分数：
33、7.10）(6).In America, antibiotics are used excessively not because patients really need it but because they think they should have them.（分数：7.10）(7).As early as in 2006, Europe has realized the danger of using antibiotics on animals to stimulate the production.（分数：7.10）(8).Alexander Fleming has alrea
34、dy predicted the dangerous consequence of misuse of antibiotics at the ,time he invented penicillin.（分数：7.10）(9).In the program of “antibiotic stewardship“, doctors are restricted to prescribing antibiotics if they haven“t received training in infectious diseases.（分数：7.10）(10).Infectious-disease spe
35、cialists worry that the way to avoid the destructive consequence of antibiotics has not been found yet.（分数：7.10）三、Part Translation(总题数：10，分数：456.50)1.黄山位于安徽省南部的黄山，占地面积约 250 平方千米，这里有奇峰 72 座，其中天都峰、莲花峰和光明顶都在海拔 1800 米以上。黄山上的松树高耸挺拔，形状各异。众所周知的迎客松(树龄 1500 多年)和送客松已经成为守信、坚强和热情的象征。黄山博采中国名山之长，号称“天下第一奇山”。明代旅行家、
36、地理家徐霞客两游黄山，赞叹说：“登黄山天下无山，观止矣!”从此，黄山又有了“五岳归来不看山，黄山归来不看岳”的美誉。 （分数：20.00）_2.中国城市急剧膨胀，大量农村人口移居城镇，使城市变得拥挤不堪。城市人口的迅速增长，将对公共卫生、淡水供应、医疗保健、食品供应、住房、交通和就业造成极大压力，并且带来一些恶性(Vicious)社会问题。同时，由于城镇发展，我们失去了肥沃的农田(fertile farmland)，日益恶化的空气质量和水质的污染使农作物受到损害。所有这些将使农业发展更加步履维艰。地球资源日益匮乏也是一个不容忽视的问题。看来解决人口激增的问题，是摆在现代人面前的一项艰巨而迫切的
37、(pressing)任务。 （分数：106.50）_3.目前在中国的网民中有 80%的人经常浏览或有时浏览电子商务网站。价格相对较低的图书、音像制品、鲜花、礼品以及票务服务等是近期网上消费的主要热点。网民最常使用的网络服务是电子邮件，平均每位用户拥有 2 至 3 个账号。除此之外，人们越来越多地上网听音乐、看电影。而网民最反感的问题是网络病毒、 弹出式 (pop-up)广告和网络入侵。 （分数：20.00）_4.中国园林 (the Chinese garden)是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的 园林景观 (landscape)。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的
38、政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、 假山 (rockwork)、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画 卷 (scroll)一般展现在面前。 （分数：106.50）_5.灯谜灯谜 (lantern riddles)是指写在彩灯上面的谜语。灯谜是中华民族一门传统的综合性艺术，是我国劳动人民智慧的结晶。猜灯谜是元宵节的一项娱乐活动。灯笼的主人把谜面写在纸条上，然后把纸条贴在灯笼上。如果有人猜到了谜底，就可以将纸条取下
39、来，到灯笼主人那里去对谜底，如果猜对了谜底，就可以得到小礼物。设置灯谜和猜谜底可以遵循许多不同的方法。猜灯谜出现于 宋朝 (the Song Dynasty)，到了 明清时代 (the Ming and Qing Dynasties)，该活动在民间变得非常流行。 （分数：20.00）_6.会展行业 (exhibition industry)在中国被誉为朝阳产业。目前，中国的会展业以年均 20%的增长速度成为新的经济增长点。北京奥运会和上海世博会的成功举办对中国的会展业发展意义深远。这两件国际盛事不仅让世界认识了中国，更为重要的是，为中国会展产业引入了大量的外国资金、技术和人才。但是，我们必须清
40、醒地认识到制约中国会展业发展的因素。中国的会展业起步较晚，直到最近才发展成一个独立产业，行业的出现和发展都带有自发性和随意性。 （分数：20.00）_7.近来，为进入海外大学读书而参加雅思考试(IELTS)的学生人数不断增加，雅思考试的组织者们也相应增加了考试次数来满足需求。去年 5 月和 7 月间的雅思考试中，上海考生达到了 10,000 人，今年这个数字增加到了 17,000 左右，比去年同期增长了约 70%。不断增长的就业竞争压力是许多大学毕业生选择到海外继续读书的主要原因。 （分数：20.00）_8.端午节端午节为农历的五月五日。虽然关于这个节日的由来有很多的说法，但被广为接受的一种说
41、法是为了纪念战国时期的屈原。他为人正直，为楚国的安定与繁荣做出了巨大的贡献，深受人们的爱戴，但终被邪恶和充满嫉妒的官吏的谗言所陷害(frame)，遭罢官去职。屈原在流放途中，听闻楚国被秦国打败的消息，他万念俱灰，于五月五日这一天投汨罗江而亡。据说当地的百姓闻讯后纷纷划船来打捞他的尸体，这后来演变成人们在端午节这天赛龙舟的习俗。后来人们又将糯米(sticky rice)投入江中，避免鱼虾啃咬屈原的身体，这也可能是粽子的起源。 （分数：20.00）_9.中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节(the Lantern Festival)，即从农历
42、(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)，对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探亲访友等。 （分数：106.50）_10.中国长城(the Great wall)的历史可追溯到公元前 5 世纪。它建成于公元前 5 世纪到 16 世纪之间，目的是保护中国的北部边界。长城是中国历史的一个重要组成部分，对当今中国有着深远的影响。可以说，从某种意义上来看，长城就是历史。大
43、多数人倾向于认为，长城是战争的产物(实际上是防御的产物)，因而其作用理应是和战争紧密相连。但是，情况并非如此。长城存在的大部分时期是和平时期而不是战争年代。大多数时候，长城与文化、外交政策和经济相关。 （分数：17.00）_大学英语六级分类模拟题 434 答案解析(总分：527.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section B(总题数：1，分数：71.00)The Drugs Don“t WorkAJust last month, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Preve
44、ntion released a stunning report on the impact of resistant bacteria. According to the analysis, which CDC officials said was conservative, more than 2 million people are infected in the United States each year by bacteria that are resistant to a wide array of the safest and most effective antibioti
45、cs. Of those, at least 23,000 die. The illnesses and deaths cost society some 55 billion annually-S20 billion from additional health-care spending and 35 billion from lost productivity. “If we are not careful, we will soon be in a post-antibiotic era,“ said Dr. Tom Frieden, the director of the CDC.
46、“And for some patients and for some microbes, we are already there.“ BResistant bacteria spread not only with cross-contamination from people who are already sick or unknowingly carrying the microbes; they also come from food Americans eat. Indeed, a current multistate outbreak of a multi-drug-resistant strain called Salmonella Heidelberg(海德堡沙门氏菌) was traced to Foster Farms brand chicken. As of October 11, the microbe had infected 317 people in 20 states and Puerto Rico; 133 of them required hospitalization. CIn the past, drug-resistant bacteria were relatively easy to confr
