1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 370 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Experts in the food industry are thinking a lot about trash these days. Restaurants, colleges, hospitals and other institutions are compensating for the rising costs of waste in novel ways. Some are tracking their trash
2、with software systems, making food in smaller batches or trying to compost and cut down on trash-hauling costs. “We have all come to work with this big elephant in the middle of the kitchen, and the elephant is this “It“s okay to waste“ belief system,“ said Andrew Shackman, president of LeanPath, a
3、company that helps restaurants cut back food waste. A 2004 University of Arizona study estimated that 40 to 50 percent of food in the United States is wasted. Wholesale food costs have risen more than 8 percent this year, the biggest jump in decades, according to the National Restaurant Association.
4、 Freshman students at Virginia Tech were surprised this year when they entered two of the campus“s biggest dining halls to find there were no cafeteria trays. Getting rid of trays has cut food waste by 38 percent at the cafeterias, said Denny Cochrane, manager of Virginia Tech“s sustainability progr
5、am. Before the program began, students often grabbed whatever looked good at the buffet, only to find at the table that their eyes were bigger than their stomachs, he said. That same phenomenon often happens at Oregon“s Portland International Airport. Busy travellers often discard half-eaten meals i
6、nto trash cans, adding dozens of tons of waste that the airport must pay the city to haul away. Now the airport is ramping up a three-year-old program to install food-only trash cans. The food waste is collected in biodegradable bags and given to the city to use as compost, said Stan Jones, aviation
7、 environmental compliance manager at the airport. Besides being environmentally friendly, the changes may save the airport money. It costs about $82 to have one ton of trash hauled from the airport to the city landfill. But food waste costs about $48 a ton to haul. Cutting back on the waste can requ
8、ire spending money on software and training. LeanPath, based in Portland, Ore, sells a software system to track food being tossed out. Steve Peterson, head chef at the MGM Grand hotel in Las Vegas, said he was surprised when he installed the LeanPath system and saw the value of food that was going o
9、ut the back door. Much of the waste came from sauces, dressings and trimmings that weren“t eaten. To cut costs, Peterson decided to reduce serving sizes. He said customers weren“t bothered by the switch, which has helped him trim food waste by between 15 to 20 percent over 18 months.（分数：20.00）(1).Ac
10、cording to the first paragraph, _.（分数：4.00）A.lots of food are wasted as crops are hauled from far awayB.food waste is the most serious problems for restaurants and storesC.experts put forward many proposals to solve the issue of trashD.busy restaurant assembly lines produce millions of tons of trash
11、(2).What does Andrew Shackman say we should pay attention to?（分数：4.00）A.How to use novel ways to compensate for the costs of waste.B.How to get ride of the “It“s okay to waste“ belief system.C.How to haul tons of food waste in the middle of the kitchen.D.How to call for institutions to deal with the
12、 issue of food waste.(3).The program operated at Virginia Tech _.（分数：4.00）A.does not work on freshman studentsB.makes students take more food at the buffetC.has cut food waste at the cafeteriasD.makes students eat less than they should(4).What do we learn about Oregon“s Portland International Airpor
13、t?（分数：4.00）A.The travellers there have to pay the airport to haul away waste.B.The food waste there will be used as compost in the city.C.Food-only trash cans were installed there 3 years ago.D.The travellers there are not allowed to discard half-eaten meals.(5).What did the customers of MGM Grand h
14、otel respond to reduced serving sizes according to Peterson?（分数：4.00）A.They usually couldn“t realize it.B.They were irritated with food in smaller amount.C.They considered it a good way to cut waste.D.They didn“t show any displeasure.Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious
15、pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaus
16、t) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissionsshort of a massive shift away from the private automobileis to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as comp
17、ressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol. All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules bum more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds and the hyd
18、rocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photoche
19、mically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have set of heavy fuel tanksa serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiencyand liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamenta
20、l limits on supply. Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline s
21、upplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol“s most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant. Like any a
22、lternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone“ vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possibly with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only
23、about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fuelled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone“ vehicles fuelled with methanol, they would n
24、eed comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.（分数：20.00）(1).The author of the text is primarily concerned with _.（分数：4.00）A.countering a flawed argu
25、ment that dismisses a possible solution to a problemB.reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problemC.identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problemD.discussing a problem and arguing in favour of one solution to it(2).Which of the following most closely parallel
26、s the situation described in the first sentence of the text?（分数：4.00）A.Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase, the town“s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area.B.Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that
27、can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase.C.Although a town“s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the town“s water supplies continue to increase because of a steady increase in the total populating of the town.D.Although a country attempts to increase t
28、he sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.(3).According to the text, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because _.（分数：4.00）A.the combustion of ga
29、soline releases photochemically active hydrocarbonsB.the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set of reactionsC.gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structureD.gasoline is composed of small molecules(4).The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of methan
30、ol?（分数：4.00）A.It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.B.It has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.C.Its use would make design improvements in individual vehicles feasible.D.Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.(5).It can be inferred that the author of the text mo
31、st likely regards the criticism of methanol as _.（分数：4.00）A.flawed because of the assumptions on which it is basedB.inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics“ argumentsC.misguided because of its exclusively technological focusD.inaccurate because it ignores consumers“ concernsThe compl
32、ications frequently accompanying diabetes, such as impairment of vision and of kidney function, are now thought to result from the lack of continuous control of blood glucose concentrations. The healthy pancreas, in response to increases in blood glucose concentration, releases small quantities of i
33、nsulin throughout the day and thereby maintains the concentration within physiological limits (nomoglycemia). But the diabetic generally receives only one large dose daily. The diabetic“s blood glucose concentration can thus fluctuate greatly during the interval between doses, and it has been sugges
34、ted that the complication result from the periods of high concentrations of blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Many investigators thus believe that restoration of normoglycemia might halt the progression of such complications and perhaps even reverse them. There are three primary techniques that have be
35、en investigated for restoration of normoglycemia. They are: transplantation of whole, healthy pancreases; transplantation of islets of Langerthan, that portion of the pancreas that actually secretes insulin, and implantation of artificial pancreases. There has, in fact been a great deal of success i
36、n the development of these techniques and each seems, on the whole, promising. Nonetheless, it will undoubtedly be many years before any one of them is accepted as a treatment for diabetes. To many people, the obvious approach would seem to be simply to transplant pancreases from cadavers in the sam
37、e manner that kidneys and other organs are routinely transplanted. That was the rationale in 1966 when the first recorded pancreas was performed. Between 1960 and 1975, there were forty-six pancreas transplants in forty-five other patients in the United States and five other countries. But only one
38、of these patients is still alive with a functioning graft and surgeons have found that the procedure is not simple as they once thought. The surviving patient has required no insulin since the operation. Another patient survived 638 days without requiring insulin. And one patient survived a transpla
39、ntation for more than a year, but died when he chose not to take immunosuppressive drugs. These results, though meagre, suggest that the procedure has the potential for success. The rest of the patients, however, either rejected the transplant or died within a short period. There does not appear to
40、be any technical problem with the procedure. Rather, most of the patients were already so severely debilitated by the complications of diabetes that they could not withstand the surgery and the immunosuppressive regimen required to prevent rejection. More than half of the patients, furthermore, also
41、 required a kidney transplant. Most investigators now agree that the simultaneous transplantation of both organs is too great a shock to the patient and greatly increases the total risk.（分数：20.00）(1).Which of the following best states one of the main conclusions of the text?（分数：4.00）A.Although the t
42、echniques for pancreas transplants appear to be theoretically correct, there are problems that must be solved before the operation can be used as a treatment for diabetes.B.Although the techniques for pancreas transplants are still being developed, the experimental results show that the operation wi
43、ll be a successful treatment for diabetes in the near future.C.Although pancreas transplants are reliable, many diabetics are reluctant to undergo the operation because of the side effects of immunosuppressive drugs.D.Although pancreas transplants alone are not generally successful, the operation ca
44、n be used in conjunction with other procedures to treat diabetes.(2).According to the text, widely spaced doses of insulin can cause _.（分数：4.00）A.reversal of normal kidney functionB.delay in the onset of diabetesC.radical changes in the concentration of blood glucoseD.restoration of normoglycemia(3)
45、.According to the text, a periodic high concentration of blood glucose in diabetics is a possible cause of _.（分数：4.00）A.deterioration of the pancreasB.damage to the eyes and kidneysC.rejection of transplanted organsD.inadequate secretion of insulin(4).The text suggests that the author considers the
46、data concerning the success of pancreas transplants to be _.（分数：4.00）A.invalidB.indirectC.inaccurateD.insufficient(5).It can be inferred from the text that one of the important contributing causes of the failure of most pancreas transplants has been the _.（分数：4.00）A.reluctance of patients to coopera
47、te with physiciansB.imperfect techniques used in the operationC.scarcity of immunosuppressive drugsD.weakened condition of the patientsA useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, veget
48、ation, or material adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelleda far cry from the extensive
49、list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapour might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions. Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the earth developed, the concentrations of these pollutants were altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemic
