1、大学英语六级 149及答案解析(总分：448.03，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Does Grades Mean Ability? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1. Some people think that grades is the way to show on
2、es ability. 2. Others hold that grades may not necessarily mean ability. 3. Your opinion. （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges Definition of Culture We all communicate with others all the timein our homes, in our workplaces, in the groups we belong to
3、, and in the community. No matter how well we think we understand each other, communication is hard. Just think, for example, how often we hear things like, “He doesnt get it,“ or “She didnt really hear what I meant to say.“ “Culture“ is often at the root of communication challenges. Our culture inf
4、luences how we approach problems, and how we participate in groups and in communities. When we participate in groups we are often surprised at how differently people approach their work together. Culture is a complex concept, with many different definitions. But, simply put, “culture“ refers to a gr
5、oup or community with which we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world. It includes groups that we are born into, such as gender, race, or national origin. It also includes groups we join or become part of. For example, we can acquire a new culture by moving to a new regi
6、on, by a change in our economic status, or by becoming disabled. When we think of culture this broadly, we realize we all belong to many cultures at once. Our histories are a critical piece of our cultures. Historical experienceswhether of five years ago or of ten generations backshape who we are. K
7、nowledge of our history can help us understand ourselves and one another better. Exploring the ways in which various groups within our society have related to each other is key to opening channels for cross-cultural communication. Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Differences As people from diffe
8、rent cultural groups take on the exciting challenge of working together, cultural values sometimes conflict. We can misunderstand each other, and react in ways that can hinder what are otherwise promising partnerships. Oftentimes, we arent aware mat culture is acting upon us. Sometimes, we are not e
9、ven aware that we have cultural values or assumptions that are different from others! -Different Communication Styles The way people communicate varies widely between, and even within, cultures. One aspect of communication style is language usage. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in
10、different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of “yes“ varies from “maybe, Ill consider it“ to “definitely so,“ with many shades in between. Another major aspect of communication style is the degree of importance given to non-verbal communication. Non-ve
11、rbal communication includes not only facial expressions and gestures; it also involves seating arrangements, personal distance, and sense of time. In addition, different norms regarding the appropriate degree of assertiveness in communicating can add to cultural misunderstandings. For instance, some
12、 white Americans typically consider raised voices to be a sign that a fight has begun, while some black, Jewish and Italian Americans often feel that an increase in volume is a sign of an exciting conversation among friends. Thus, some white Americans may react with greater alarm to a loud discussio
13、n than would members of some American ethnic or non-white racial groups. -Different Attitudes Toward Conflict Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it as something to be avoided. In the U.S., conflict is not usually desirable; but people often are encouraged to deal dire
14、ctly with conflicts that do arise. In fact, face-to-face meetings customarily are recommended as the way to work through whatever problems exist. In contrast, in many Eastern countries, open conflict is experienced as embarrassing or demeaning; as a rule, differences are best worked out quietly. A w
15、ritten exchange might be the favored means to address me conflict. -Different Approaches to Completing Tasks From culture to culture, there are different ways that people move toward completing tasks. Some reasons include different access to resources, different judgments of the rewards associated w
16、ith task completion, different notions of time, and varied ideas about how relationship-building and task-oriented work should go together. When it comes to working together effectively on a task, cultures differ with respect to the importance placed on establishing relationships early on in the col
17、laboration. A case in point, Asian and Hispanic cultures tend to attach more value to developing relationships at the beginning of a shared project and more emphasis on task completion toward the end as compared with European-Americans. European-Americans tend to focus immediately on the task at han
18、d, and let relationships develop as they work on the task. This does not mean that people from any one of these cultural backgrounds are more or less committed to accomplishing the task, or value relationships more or less; it means they may pursue them differently. -Different Decision-Making Styles
19、 The roles individuals play in decision-making vary widely from culture to culture. For example, in the U.S., decisions are frequently delegatedthat is, an official assigns responsibility for a particular matter to a subordinate. In many Southern European and Latin American countries, there is a str
20、ong value placed on holding decision-making responsibilities oneself. When decisions are made by groups of people, majority rule is a common approach in the U.S.; in Japan consensus is the preferred mode. Be aware that individuals expectations about their own roles in shaping a decision may be influ
21、enced by their cultural frame of reference. -Different Attitudes Toward Disclosure In some cultures, it is not appropriate to be frank about emotions, about the reasons behind a conflict or a misunderstanding, or about personal information. Keep this in mind when you are in a dialogue or when you ar
22、e working with others. When you are dealing with a conflict, be mindful that people may differ in what they feel comfortable revealing. Questions that may seem natural to youWhat was the conflict about? What was your role in the conflict? What was the sequence of events?may seem intrusive to others.
23、 The variation among cultures in attitudes toward disclosure is also something to consider before you conclude that you have an accurate reading of the views, experiences, and goals of the people with whom you are working. -Different Approaches to Knowing Notable differences occur among cultural gro
24、ups when it comes to epistemologies (认识论)that is, the ways people come to know things. European cultures tend to consider information acquired through cognitive means, such as counting and measuring, more valid than other ways of coming to know things. Compare that to African cultures preference for
25、 affective ways of knowing, including symbolic imagery and rhythm. Asian cultures epistemologies tend to emphasize the validity of knowledge gained through striving toward transcendence (卓越). Nichols, 1976) Recent popular works demonstrate that our own society is paying more attention to previously
26、overlooked ways of knowing. Conclusion An appreciation of patterns of cultural difference can assist us in processing what it means to be different in ways that are respectful of others, not fault-finding or damaging. Anthropologists Avruch and Black have noted that, when faced by an interaction tha
27、t we do not understand, people tend to interpret the others involved as “abnormal“, “weird“ or “wrong“. (Avruch and Black, 1993) This tendency, if indulged, gives rise on the individual level to prejudice. If this propensity is either consciously or unconsciously integrated into organizational struc
28、tures, then prejudice takes root in our institutionsin the structures, laws, policies, and procedures mat shape our lives. Consequently, it is vital that we learn to control the human tendency to translate “different from me“ into “less than me“. We can learn to do this. We can also learn to collabo
29、rate across cultural lines as individuals and as a society. Awareness of cultural differences doesnt have to divide us from each other. It doesnt have to paralyze us either, for fear of not saying the “right thing“. In fact, becoming more aware of our cultural differences, as well as exploring our s
30、imilarities, can help us communicate with each other more effectively. Recognizing where cultural differences are at work is the first step toward understanding and respecting each other. （分数：71.00）(1).In a broad sense, people all belong to many cultures.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Jewish and Italian Ame
31、ricans usually think a raised voice means a beginning of a fight.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).In some Eastern countries, face-to-face meetings are favored to work through the conflicts.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Even people from the same cultural background complete their tasks differently.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG
32、(5).Communication challenges result from differences in_.（分数：7.10）_(6).Cross-cultural communication begins when people understand how_relate to each other within our society.（分数：7.10）_(7).In Japan people preferred making their decisions on the basis of_.（分数：7.10）_(8).When assessing different attitud
33、es toward disclosure, we should take_into consideration.（分数：7.10）_(9).Africans regard_ as affective ways of knowing things.（分数：7.10）_(10).Communication becomes efficient when people understand_ of cultures.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.She loves shopping very much.B.She has a lot
34、 of studying.C.She always gets high marks in her exams.D.She went shopping with the women yesterday.A.To talk with her roommate.B.To talk with the noise maker.C.To talk with the dorm supervisor.D.To talk with all the students in the dorm.A.She should stay up all night to prepare for her exam.B.Shed
35、better have good rest instead.C.She should study in the night and have a rest in the morning before the exam.D.She should sleep early and get up in the morning to study.A.He accepts the womans invitation.B.He doesnt want to accept the womans invitation.C.He has to ask for Susans opinion and then he
36、can decide.D.He doesnt think Susan will agree to go.A.The situation of the rail service will be the same tomorrow.B.The woman is in time for her class.C.The man drives to university.D.The train station is about to be shut down.A.To practice more on volleyball.B.To have good rest after practice.C.To
37、eat more healthily.D.To focus on her study.A.Wait for him until he finishes his class.B.Invite Judie to play instead.C.Cancel the game and stay at home.D.Go to attend the class with him.A.He dislikes food from the snack bar.B.He doesnt need anything.C.He asks the woman to buy a newspaper for him.D.H
38、e will go with the woman and hand in his term paper.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Shes unable to attend the study session.B.She has seen a doctor recently.C.Shes concerned about medical care.D.She mentions the need for some medical tests.A.To improve the study skills of university students.B.To sugge
39、st changes in the student government.C.To give people the opportunity to speak with a politician.D.To discuss graduation requirements for political science majors.A.Graduate school application procedures.B.Funding for university education.C.Winning the confidence of voters.D.Preparing for an importa
40、nt test.A.Chinese ancient history.B.European history.C.American native civilization.D.American history.A.To suppress the American natives.B.To discover the American ancient tradition.C.To make a new way of living.D.To establish their own traditions in the North America.A.The native traditions were s
41、ubjected by the immigrants authority.B.The native traditions were too ancient to be useful to the modern countries.C.The native traditions were dead ones.D.Both A and C.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：30.00)A.Only breakfast.B.Only lunch.C.Only night-meals.D.All of the above.A.Two ways.B.Three ways.C.Four ways.
42、D.Five ways.A.Diners existed before fast-food restaurants.B.The menu included more food than sandwiched and coffee.C.Burger King is a fast-food restaurant.D.Sandwiches became bigger.A.Childhood in his native home, Texas.B.Working as congressional secretary in Washington.C.Vacationing at his ranch in
43、 Texas.D.Presidency in the White House.A.He fed the dog happily.B.He picked up the dog by the tips of its ears.C.He sat in a chair with the dog dangling beside him.D.He made people laugh by kissing the dogs ears.A.He took the place of a president who resigned his position.B.He had worked for 38 year
44、s in Washington DC till 1930.C.He never lost the speech or manners of his hometown.D.He kept two dogs in his ranch in Johnson City, Texas.A.To determine whether the Earths temperature is going up.B.To study the behavior of some sea animals.C.To measure the depths of the ocean.D.To measure the moveme
45、nt of waves on the ocean.A.They were frightened and distressed.B.They swam away when the speaker was turned on.C.They swam closer to “examine“ the speaker when it was turned off.D.They didnt seem to be frightened and kept swimming near the speaker.A.To attract more sea animals to the testing site.B.
46、To drive dangerous sea animals away from the testing site.C.To help trace the sea animals being tested.D.To determine how sea animals communicate with each other.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computer is no
47、t that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early (36) 1 computer did not have much going for it except a (37) 2memory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience, follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat (38) 3conversations. Computers imitate life. As computer gets more complex, the imit
