1、大学英语六级-179 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)三、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Sodium (钠) is a key component of salt. Eating too much of it can 1 to high blood pressure, a major risk for most people as they age because it can lead to heart disease and other health problems. But cutting sodium from the diet is dif
2、ficult, mainly because people often don“t know it“s there. More than three-quarters of the sodium people 2 comes from processed and restaurant foods. And much of the sodium we eat is in foods that don“t 3 taste salty, like packaged bread and chicken dishes. Salt is the latest front in the battle to
3、get Americans to eat a healthier diet. 4 efforts have focused on cutting down on sugar, to fight against obesity, and reducing fat, for a healthier heart. After four decades of unsuccessfully 5 Americans to cut salt in their diets only to see them eat more of it, government officials are intensifyin
4、g their efforts. An advisory committee working on new US Dietary Guidelines , due to be released later this year by the federal government, recently recommended that all adults restrict their 6 of sodium to no more than 1500 milligrams a day, 7 to about two-thirds of a teaspoon of table salt, down f
5、rom a current limit of 2300 milligrams for some people. The best way to reduce salt is to cut back on processed and restaurant foods, eat fresh produce, and reduce portion sizes. Nutritionists 8 eating whole grain instead of breada single slice of packaged bread can contain 150 milligrams to 200 mil
6、ligrams or more of sodium. Cut back gradually, so your palate (味觉) adjusts to a less salty taste. When you do buy artifactitious (人工制品的) foods, look for 9 with less than 300 milligrams of sodium per serving, or no more than one milligram of sodium per calorie of food, advised the Harvard School of P
7、ublic Health, which has on its website 25 sodium-reduction 10 developed with the Culinary Institute of America. A. attribute B. consume C. contribute D. equivalent E. incidentally F. intake G. items H. necessarily I. output J. persuading K. Previous L. recommend M. Special N. steps O. strategies（分数：
8、20.00）四、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：30.00)The Serious Need for PlayA. Stuart Brown, a Texas“s psychiatrist, interviewed 26 convicted murderers and discovered that most of the killers shared two things in common: They were from abusive families, and they never played as kids. B. Brown did not know which facto
9、r was more important. But for years, he has interviewed some 6000 people about their childhoods, and his data suggest that a lack of opportunities for unstructured play, which is critical for coping with stress and building cognitive skills such as problem solving, can keep children from growing int
10、o happy, well-adjusted adults. Research into animal behavior confirms play“s benefits and its evolutionary importance: Play may provide animals (including humans) with skills that will help them survive and reproduce. C. A handful of studies support Brown“s conviction that a play-deprived childhood
11、disrupts normal social, emotional and cognitive development in humans and animals. Brown and other psychologists worry that limiting free play in kids may result in a generation of anxious, unhappy and socially inadaptable adults. But it is never too late to start: Play also promotes the continued m
12、ental and physical well-being of adults. 1. Freedom Counts D. But kids play soccer and Scrabblewhy are experts concerned that these games and more structured activities are eating into free play? “Certainly games with rules are fun and sources of learning experiencesthey may foster group cohesion, f
13、or instance,“ says Anthony D. Pellegrini, an educational psychologist at the University of Minnesota. But, Pellegrini explains, “games have priori (先天) rulesset up in advance and followed. Play, on the other hand, does not have priori rules, so it affords more creative responses.“ E. Creativity is k
14、ey because it challenges the developing brain more than following predetermined rules does. The child initiates and creates free play. In free play, kids use their imagination and try out new activities and roles. It might involve fantasiessuch as pretending to be doctors or princesses or playing ho
15、useor it might include mock fighting, as when kids (primarily boys) wrestle and tumble with one another for fun, switching roles periodically. And free play is most similar to play seen in the animal kingdom, suggesting that it has important evolutionary roots. 2. Face Time F. How do these seemingly
16、 pointless activities benefit kids? Perhaps most crucially, play appears to help us develop strong social skills. Children learn to be fair and take turnsthey cannot always demand to be the fairy queen, or soon they have no playmates. Because kids enjoy the activity, they do not give up as easily in
17、 the face of frustration as they might on, say, a math problemwhich helps them develop persistence and negotiating abilities. G. Keeping things friendly requires a fair bit of communicationarguably the most valuable social skill of all. Playing with peers is the most important in this regard. Studie
18、s show that children use more sophisticated language when playing with other children than when playing with adults. H. Does play help children become socialized? Studies suggest that it does. According to a 1997 study of children living in poverty and at high risk of school failure, published by th
19、e High/Scope Educational Research Foundation, kids who enrolled in play-oriented preschools are more socially adjusted later in life than are kids who attended play-free preschools where they were constantly instructed by teachers. By age 23, more than one third of kids who had attended instruction-
20、oriented preschools had been arrested for a serious crime as compared with fewer than one tenth of the kids who had been in play-oriented preschools. And as adults, fewer than 7% of the play-oriented preschool attendees had ever been suspended from work, but more than a quarter of the directly instr
21、ucted kids had. 3. Stress Relief I. Research suggests that play is also critical for emotional health, possibly because it helps kids work through anxiety and stress. In a 1984 study published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , researchers assessed the anxiety levels of 74 three-and
22、-four-year-old children on their first day of preschool as indicated by their behaviorwhether they pleaded, cried and begged their parents to stayand how much their palms were sweating. Based on the researchers“ observations, they labeled each child as either anxious or not anxious. They then random
23、ly split the 74 kids into four groups. Half of the kids were escorted to rooms full of toys, where they played either alone or with peers for 15 minutes; the other half were told to sit at a small table either alone or with peers and listen to a teacher tell a story for 15 minutes. Afterward, the ki
24、ds“ levels of distress were assessed again. The anxiety levels of the anxious kids who had played had dropped sharply compared with the anxious kids who had listened to the story. The kids who were not anxious to begin with stayed about the same. Interestingly, those who played alone calmed down mor
25、e than the ones who played with peers. The researchers speculate that through imaginative play, which is most easily initiated alone, children build fantasies that help them cope with difficult situations. 4. Play Makes Kids Smarter J. Play fighting also improves problem solving. According to a pape
26、r published by Pellegrini in 1989, the more elementary school boys engaged in rough-housing, the better they scored on a test of social problem solving. During the test, researchers presented kids with five pictures of a child trying to get a toy from a peer and five pictures of a child trying to av
27、oid being scolded by his mother. The subjects were then asked to come up with as many possible solutions to each social problem; their score was based on the variety of strategies they mentioned, and children who play-fought regularly tended to score much better. K. Playing also appears to help with
28、 language development, according to a 2007 study in the Archives of Pediatrics boomers in their mid-50s and early 60s are the only ones still yakking (喋喋不休地讲) as they did when Ma Bell was America“s communications queen. But the fall of the call is driven by 18-to-34-year-olds, whose average monthly
29、voice minutes have plunged from about 1200 to 900 in the past two years, according to the research by Nielsen. Young people say they avoid voice calls because the immediacy of a phone call strips them of the control that they have over the arguably less-intimate pleasures of texting, e-mailing, or F
30、acebooking. They even complain that phone calls are by their nature impolite, more of an interruption than the blip (提示音) of an arriving text. The bias against unexpected phone calls stems in good part from the way texting and e-mail have conditioned young people to be cautious about how they commun
31、icate when they are not face to face, experts say. Deborah Tannen, a linguistics professor at Georgetown University who studies how people converse in everyday life, said older generations misinterpret the way younger people use their cellphones. “One student told me that it takes her days to call h
32、er parents back and the parents thought she was intentionally putting them off,“ she said. “But the parents didn“t get it. It“s the medium.“ The difference in communications preferences has created a palpable (明显的) perception gap between young adults and their parents. Jane Beard, who coaches busine
33、ss leaders on public speaking, said that when her niece, Lindsay Spencer, 20, “is in classes at the University of Maryland, I“ll never hear from her until she comes over to do the laundry. We text multiple times a day.“ But Beard is understanding about the change in ways of conversing. Not all paren
34、ts are quite that open to new ways. “My mom gets offended,“ said Muggaga Kintu, 32, an administrative assistant at Walter Reed Army Medical Center who prefers texting or calling on his own time when he“s not around patients. “She thinks I don“t want to hear from her, and that“s not the case. One day
35、 she called me when I was at work, and I told her, “Instead of calling me, can you text me?“ “What? You don“t like to hear from me? You don“t like the sound of my voice?“ She said.“（分数：25.00）(1).Who drives the decline of telephone conversation according to the research by Nielsen?（分数：5.00）A.Baby boo
36、mers.B.18-to-34-year-olds.C.Millennials.D.18-to-44-year-olds.(2).Why do young people avoid phone calls?（分数：5.00）A.They feel they are deprived of control.B.They feel it is not intimate enough to have phone calls.C.They want to make shorter conversations.D.They fall victim to phone calls.(3).The reaso
37、n for young people“s bias against unexpected phone calls is that _.（分数：5.00）A.they are afraid that they may be seen as rude or intrusiveB.e-mails and texts enable them to make more careful responsesC.they tend to make an appointment by texting before they callD.they become less addicted to the face-
38、to-face communication(4).According to Deborah Tannen, older generations should recognize that _.（分数：5.00）A.their children are just too busy to replyB.it“s the medium that makes differenceC.children complain about the frequent callsD.they are intruding into the private lives of their children(5).What
39、 can we conclude based on the experiences of Jane Beard and Muggaga Kintu?（分数：5.00）A.The decreasing popularity of phone calls should arouse the young“s concern.B.Life has changed fundamentally due to the change in communications.C.Answering a phone call causes great pressure on the young.D.A percept
40、ion gap can emerge due to the difference in communication preferences.六、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Barter (易货贸易), the exchange of goods and services without the use of money, is not a new idea, but over the past decade, this type of transaction has been transformed into a sophisticated business practi
41、ce. Today, the barter industry is composed of several thousand independent barter exchanges representing an estimated 100000 businesses worldwide turning over US $9 billion per annum. Through bartering, businesses in Asia, US, Australia and Europe have saved millions of dollars and were consistently
42、 able to move as much extra inventory (存货) as they want. But why is barter system back in style? There are many good reasons, but underlying them all is one fundamental business motivation: profit. Businesses can use barter to conserve cash, generate new business, and turn excess and idle inventory
43、into useful products and services. Moreover, the rising inflation, job losses and the slowing economy have prompted an explosion of bartering where businesses as well as individuals can get what they want without spending any of their precious cash. The barter system enables traders to find new buye
44、rs of their products and services from the targeted universe of participants trading within a particular exchange. Barter exchanges are done by using a trade currency to measure the exchange of goods and services between businesses and individuals. Barter currency give people the ability to purchase
45、 a future good or service that equals the amount of barter currency they own. This method allows businesses as well as individuals to get the things they need without having to expend additional money. Instead, they can use the things they no longer need or want to get the things they do need. Barte
46、ring can also be used by businesses that are seasonal in nature such as resort hotels. A bartered hotel room is more cost effective than an empty one. Bartering thus allows businesses to capitalize on unproductive assets and spare capacity. With a large exchange, it is possible to barter pretty much
47、 anything. There are exchange markets and online auctions that allow businesses to sell or trade their inventory or to purchase items that they want such as: , a free online community for trading items, services, and knowledge; , which specializes in trading books, video games, DVDs, and music and ,
48、 which allows members to swap clothes, shoes, cosmetics, and accessories. Although cash still in control, barter industry experts think, there is more room for barter. They predict that the globalization of barter over the next decade will be powered by a universal barter currency. Having a barter c
49、urrency, which does not go up and down depending on the stability or instability of the world markets, means that the future prospects of the barter industry look pretty bright.（分数：25.00）(1).What can we learn about barter from the passage?（分数：5.00）A.It used to be a sophisticated form of transaction.B.It involves the exchange of goods and services without using money.C.It enables businesses and individuals to avoid taxes.D.It has been used by people to make a living.(2).What is the fundamental reason for the popularity of the barter s
