1、大学四级-1897 及答案解析(总分：710.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：103.00)1.Attitude Is Everything（分数：103.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Starting over: Rebuilding Civilisation from ScratchThe way we live is mostly down to accidents of history. So what if we thought it through properly?In just a f
2、ew thousand years, we humans have created a remarkable civilisation: cities, transport networks, governments, vast economies full of specialised labour and a host of cultural labels. It all just about works, but its hardly a model of rational design-instead, people in each generation have done the b
3、est they could with what they inherited from their predecessors. As a result, weve ended up trapped in what, in review, look like mistakes. What sensible engineer, for example,would build a sprawling, low-density megalopolis (巨大城市) like Los Angeles on purpose?Suppose we could try again. Imagine that
4、 Civilisation 1.0 evaporated tomorrow, leaving us with unlimited manpower, a willing populace and-most important-all the knowledge weve accumulated about what works, what doesnt, and how we might avoid the errors we got locked into last time. If you had the chance to build Civilisation 2.0 from scra
5、tch, what would you do differently?Take cities, for starters. Historically, they have generally arisen near resources that were important at the time-say harbours, farmland or minerals-and then grown higgledy-piggledy (杂乱无章的). How would we design cities without the constraints of historical developm
6、ent?In many ways, the bigger cities are, the better. City dwellers have, on average, a smaller environmental footprint than those who live in smaller towns or rural areas. Indeed, when Geoffrey West of the Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico and his colleagues compared cities of different sizes, they f
7、ound that doubling the size of a city leads to a 15 per cent decrease in the energy use per capita, the amount of roadway per capita, and other measures of resource use. For each doubling in size,city dwellers also benefit from a rise of around 15 per cent in income, wealth, the number of colleges,a
8、nd other measures of socioeconomic well-being. Put simply,bigger cities do more with less.Of course,there are limits to a citys size. For one thing, West notes, his study leaves out a crucial part of the equation:happiness. As cities grow, the increasing buzz that leads to greater productivity also
9、quickens the pace of life. Crime, disease, even the average walking speed, also increase by 15 per cent per doubling of city size. “Thats not good, I suspect, for the individual,“ he says. “Keeping up on that treadmill (跑步机), going faster and faster, may not reflect a better quality of life.“City li
10、vingToday,online social networking gives individual users tools to coordinate and cooperate like never before. “I would build the cities in an open-source way, where everybody can actually participate to decide how its used and how it changes,“ says Carlo Ratti, an urban designer at the Massachusett
11、s Institute of Technology. “Its a similar process to what happens in Wikipedia.“ By tapping into this sort of crowd-sourcing, the residents themselves could help plan their own wiki-neighbourhood, Ratti proposes. An entrepreneur seeking to start a sandwich shop, for example, could consult residents
12、to find out where it is most needed. Likewise, developers and residents could collaborate in deciding the size, placement and amenities for a new housing block-even, perhaps, the placement of roads and walking paths.Referring to the problem of energy, virtually everyone agrees the answer should be r
13、enewables. “We cant say it should all be solar or it should all be wind. Its really critical that we have all of them,“ says Lena Hansen, an electric system analyst with the Rocky Mountain Institute, an energy-efficiency think tank in Boulder,Colorado. That would help ensure a dependable supply. And
14、 instead of massive power plants, the best route would be small dispersed systems like rooftop solar panels. This decentralised generation system would be less vulnerable to extreme events like storms or attacks.While were messing around with the economy, we might want to move away from using GDP as
15、 a measure of success. When nations began focusing on GDP after the second world war, it made sense to measure an economy by its production of goods and services. “At that time, what most people needed was stuff. They needed more food, better building structures-stuff that was lacking-to make them h
16、appy,“ says Ida Kubiszewski of the Institute for Sustainable Solutions at Portland State University in Oregon. “Now times have changed. Thats no longer the limiting factor to happiness.“Instead, we may want to broaden our indicator to include environmental quality, leisure time, and human happiness-
17、 a trend a few governments are already considering. With Gross Domestic Happiness as our guide, people might be more likely to use gains in productivity to reduce their work hours rather than increase their salaries. That may sound utopian, but at least some societies routinely put greater value on
18、happiness than on material things-such as the kingdom of Bhutan and the aboriginal potlatch (冬季赠礼节) cultures of the west coast of North America that redistribute their property. “I dont think its contrary to human nature to have a system like this,“ says Robert Costanza, an ecological economist also
19、 at Portland State.New world viewOn the other hand, increases in mobility, communication and technology-as well as the sheer size of the human population-mean that many of the worlds problems are now truly global. Just as events drove medieval city states to integrate into nations centuries ago, glo
20、bal problems are now pressing for global solutions, he says. And that requires some form of global governance, at least to set broad g0als-biodiversity standards, say, or global emissions caps-toward which local governments can find their own solutions.All our design efforts to this point have been
21、aimed at creating a sustainable, equitable and workable new civilisation. But if we want our new society to last through the ages,many sustainability researchers stress one more point: be careful not to make it too efficient.In the end, though, no human civilisation can last forever. Every society e
22、ncounters problems and solves them in whatever way seems most helpful, and every time it does so, it raises its complexity-and its vulnerability.“ You can never fully anticipate the consequences of what you do,“ notes Tainter. Every civilisation sows the seeds of its own eventual doom-and no matter
23、how carefully we plan our new built-from-scratch civilisation, the most we can hope for is to delay the inevitable.（分数：70.00）(1).Why does the author think we are trapped in mistakes today?A. The world we live in has too many accidents. B. The remarkable civilizations were all works of the past.C. Th
24、e civilization we built is not a rational design. D. The cities today have too much population.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).When our ancestors were building their cities, they would_.A. pick the places near resources B. randomly choose a place for residenceC. first consider their religious beliefs D. usuall
25、y take safety as a priority（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What did West and his colleagues find about city size?A. Bigger cities tend to have better environment situations.B. The increase of city size can decrease its average energy use.C. Bigger cities require more roadway per capita than rural areas.D. Bigg
26、er cities provide less economic content for the residents.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Happiness does not seem to increase with city size,as_.A. bigger cities are crowded with people B. big cities fail to keep clean and tidyC. cities have inefficient use of space D. bigger cities quicken the pace of life（分数
27、：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What can we do in a wiki-neighbourhood?A. Everyone can act as the head of the neighbourhood. B. Residents can join the discussion through Wikipedia.C. Residents can help design their own neighbourhood. D. People can do everything on-line in the neighbourhood.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).Le
28、na Hansen thinks that the renewables of all kinds_.A. should not be solar or wind B. can be found after analyzing electric systemsC. are able to provide a dependable supply D. can be best gathered in massive power plants（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7).Back at the time when GDP began to be used as a measure of
29、success,_.A. most people in the society lacked stuff B. people longed for better spiritual lifeC. fierce wars were fought among countries D. city infrastructures were completed（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(8).Nowadays. with the development of the economy,success of a society should be measured by new indicators
30、 like_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).As the world problems have become truly global, it requires some form of_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).In creating a sustainable,equitable and workable civilization,we also need to be careful not to_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)(1
31、).A. Buy a different kind of medicine. B. See a doctor.C. Take a second pill. D. Avoid taking any medication.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Her sisters train is late. B. Her sister will visit in three months.C. Shell have to leave without her sister. D. Shes eager to see her sister.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A.
32、Mail her some information about the conference. B. Drive her to the conference.C. Attend the conference in her place. D. Collect her mail while shes at the conference.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. Show her the newspaper that hes talking about. B. Think about getting an internship at another place.C. Sign
33、up for more than one journalism class. D. Call The Times about the internship.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).A. Stay in the hotel for at least two nights. B. Leave the hotel the next morning.C. Ask the hotel clerk for her room key. D. Complain to the manager about the extra charges.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. She
34、 plans to miss soccer practice. B. Shell arrive at the party after soccer practice.C. Soccer practice will end later than usual. D. Shell go to soccer practice after the party.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Share the place hes renting. B. Avoid living near the campus.C. Apply for campus housing. D. Find an
35、 apartment soon.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. There are different kinds of folders. B. This decision requires careful thought.C. It doesnt matter which color she uses. D. The color should suggest the content.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1
36、).A. To attend his fathers funeral. B. To attend his sisters wedding.C. To find a new job. D. To kill time.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. An artist. B. A lawyer.C. A house agent. D. A news reporter.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Rent a room. B. Buy a house.C. Paint the walls. D. Help with the wedding.（分数：7.00）A.B
37、.C.D.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. At the beginning of a month. B. During the first week of July.C. In the middle of June. D. Towards the end of a week.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Too early. B. A little late.C. Workable. D. Ideal.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(
38、3).A. He can leave after an early meeting the next day. B. He can set aside some time for sightseeing.C. He decides to have a good rest first. D. He wants to have dinner with Ms. Hannam.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. Reaffirm the time for the meeting. B. Verify the boarding information.C. Fax the woman his
39、 flight details. D. Check the details for the appointment.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. The too rigid policy. B. The injustice about students final scores.C. Other students cheating in exams. D. The severe
40、 punishment to their children.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. She was a woman of principle. B. She committed plagiarism in one project.C. She made an international discovery. D. She was punished for her behavior.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. They find it respectable. B. They consider it a big deal.C. They find it
41、 morally acceptable. D. They consider it a common behavior.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. It should be banned. B. It is rather prevailing.C. It can lead to unfairness. D. It remains a controversy.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. She drowned i
42、n the water. B. She encountered a big whale.C. She was smashed by a big wave. D. She was attacked by a huge shark.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Become a professional surfer. B. Become the best teenager surfer.C. Win the national surfing competition. D. Win the womens world championship.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3
43、).A. It is very exciting. B. It is unbelievable.C. It is unwelcome. D. It is pathetic.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. To express them clearly. B. To understand their nature.C. To share them with others. D. To identify their cause.（分数：
44、7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. It can make you feel better. B. It may expose your weaknesses.C. It can solve problems immediately. D. It can make you feel embarrassed.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Write it down on paper. B. Examine it in your head.C. Recall a similar experience. D. Turn to a counsellor for help.（分数：
45、7.00）A.B.C.D.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)A significant cultural feature that seems to make a difference in how we communicate relates to whether a particular culture views the world from an individualistic or a collectivistic (36) .An individualistic culture places a high value on people who can spea
46、k or stand up for themselves and do not (37) on others beyond their immediate family. People who view the world this way like to think of themselves as powerful individualists who can stand alone and take care of themselves. They work hard to remain (38) independent of any particular social, (39) or
47、 institutional affiliation (隶属关系). Individualists emphasize the “I“ when they speak,not the “we“. They (40) individual initiative and achievement, and they believe they have the right to their own (41) and opinion.At the other (42) of this value continuum (连续统一体) is collectivism, (43) by close-knit,
48、 family- like group of people who clearly define themselves as part of a particular in-group and others as part of out-group. (42) . They tend to think about others and the surroundings when behaving. (45) . Collectivists emphasize the “we“ when speaking rather than the “I“. (46) （分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_(5).promote（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Section A(总题数：1，分数：90.00)Contrary to popular wisdom,eating at
