1、GRE-练习十九及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BIndefinite item(总题数：36，分数：100.00)1.Since Fishers time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the chromosome or gamete in which they find themselves so that the gamete will be more likely to participate in fertilization. If such a gene occurs on
2、 a sex-determining (X or Y) chromosome, then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into
3、males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fishers argument, it should still pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their hostthe larva of another ins
4、ectand that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. ULike Fisher, Hamilt
5、on looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy./UThe author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists A. conducted their research at approximately the same time. B. sought to manipu
6、late the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied. C. sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable. D. studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory. E. studied reproduction in the same animal species.（分数：3.0
7、0）A.B.C.D.E.2.Scholars often fail to see that music played an important role in the preservation of African culture in the United States. They correctly note that slavery stripped some cultural elements from Black people-their political and economic systemsbut they underestimate the significance of
8、music in sustaining other African cultural values. UAfrican music, unlike the music of some other cultures, was based on a total vision of life in which music was not an isolated social domain./U In African culture music was pervasive, serving not only religion, but all phases of life, including bir
9、th, death, work, and play. The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that community perceives as essential. Music, like art in general, was so inextricably a part of African culture that it became a crucial means of preservin
10、g the culture during and after the dislocations of slavery.According to the passage, the phrase “isolated social domain“ refers to A. African music in relation to contemporary culture as a whole. B. music as it may be perceived in non-African cultures. C. a feature of African music that aided in tra
11、nsmitting African cultural values. D. an aspect of the African cultural legacy. E. the influence of music on contemporary culture.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.3.A serious critic has to comprehend the particular content, unique structure, and special meaning of a work of art. And here she faces a dilemma. The
12、critic must recognize the artistic element of uniqueness that requires subjective reaction; yet she must not be unduly prejudiced by such reactions. Her likes and dislikes are less important than what the work itself communicates, and Uher preferences may blind her to certain qualities of the work/U
13、 and thereby prevent an adequate understanding of it. Hence, it is necessary that a critic develop a sensibility informed by familiarity with the history of art and aesthetic theory. On the other hand, Uit is insufficient to treat the artwork solely historically,/U in relation to a fixed set of idea
14、s or values. The critics knowledge and training are, rather, a preparation of the cognitive and emotional abilities needed for an adequate personal response to an artworks own particular qualifies.The author implies that it is insufficient to treat a work of art solely historically because A. doing
15、so would lead the critic into a dilemma. B. doing so can blind the critic to some of the artworks unique qualities. C. doing so can insulate the critic from personally held beliefs. D. subjective reactions can produce a biased response. E. critics are not sufficiently familiar with art history.（分数：3
16、.00）A.B.C.D.E.4.Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), Ua practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on,/U led to a de-emphasis of
17、 the role of grazers in subsequent research. Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers. These environmental factors were ame
18、nable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory. Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phytoplankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics.
19、It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazer control could have improved their data would have been to A. emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton. B. disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton n
20、umbers. C. collect phytoplankton of all sizes before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentration. D. recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collected in a net. E. understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.
21、E.5.Scholars often fail to see that music played an important role in the preservation of African culture in the United States. They correctly note that slavery stripped some cultural elements from Black peopletheir political and economic systemsbut they underestimate the significance of music in su
22、staining other African cultural values. UAfrican music, unlike the music of some other cultures, was based on a total vision of life in which music was not an isolated social domain./U In African culture music was pervasive, serving not only religion, but all phases of life, including birth, death,
23、work, and play. The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that community perceives as essential. Music, like art in general, was so inextricably a part of African culture that it became a crucial means of preserving the cultu
24、re during and after the dislocations of slavery.Which of the following statements concerning the function of African music can be inferred from the passage? A. It preserved cultural values because it was thoroughly integrated into the lives of the people. B. It was more important in the development
25、of African religious life than in other areas of culture. C. It was developed in response to the loss of political and economic systems. D. Its pervasiveness in African culture hindered its effectiveness in minimizing the impact of slavery. E. Its isolation from the economic domains of life enabled
26、it to survive the destructive impact of slavery.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.6.If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic, as they were by these “scientistic“ thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard; for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It
27、 presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. Yet it is a characterizing feature
28、 of rhetoric that it goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstancesreal or fictionalthat are similar to our own circumstances. Such is the purpo
29、se of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse: they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react Uemotionally, with hope or fear/U, to particular circumstances. UA speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their
30、being related to such hopes and fears./UThe passage suggests that a speech that attempts to persuade people to act is likely to fail if it does NOT? A. Distort the truth a little to make it more acceptable to the audience. B. Appeal to the self-interest as well as the humanitarianism of the audience
31、. C. Address listeners emotions as well as their intellects. D. Concede the logic of other points of view. E. Show how an immediately desirable action is Consistent with timeless principles.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.7.Some movements involving primarily vertical or horizontal motions of the body as a whole,
32、 in which rotations can be ignored, can be studied using simple equations of linear motion in three dimensions. UHowever, rotational motions/U require more complex approaches that involve analyses of the way the bodys mass is distributed, the axes of rotation involved in different types of movement,
33、 and the sources of the forces that produce the rotational movement.Analysis of which of the following would require the kind of complex approach in the passage? A. A long leap across space. B. A short jump upward with a return to the same place. C. A sustained and controlled turn in place. D. Short
34、, rapid steps forward and then backward without turning. E. Quick sidesteps in a diagonal line.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.8.In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejecte
35、d preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. UThe explanation t
36、hey consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivoresin particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species./U Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the re
37、searchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.According to the passage, the researchers believes that the high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores
38、 found at La Brea was caused primarily by A. the aging process in individual carnivores. B. contact between the fossils in the pits. C. poor preservation of the fossils after they were removed from the pits. D. the impact of carnivores teeth against the bones of their prey E. the impact of carnivore
39、s teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.9.Of Homers two epic poems, the Odyssey has always been more popular than the Iliad, perhaps because it includes more features of mythology that are accessible to readers. UIts subject (to use Maynard Macks categories) is
40、 “life-as-spectacle“, for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-experience“: readers are asked to identify_ with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero./U
41、In addition, the Iliad, more than the Odyssey, suggests the complexity of the gods involvement in human actions, and to the extent that modem readers find this complexity a needless complication, the Iliad is less satisfying than the Odyssey, with its simpler scheme of divine justice. Finally, since
42、 the Iliad presents a historically verifiable action, Troys siege, the poem raises historical questions that are absent from the Odysseys blithely imaginative world.It can be inferred from the passage that a reader of the Iliad is likely to have trouble identifying with the poems hero for which of t
43、he following reasons? A. The hero is eventually revealed to be unheroic. B. The hero can be observed by the reader only from without. C. The heros psychology is not historically verifiable. D. The heros emotions often do not seem appealing to the reader. E. The hems emotions are not sufficiently var
44、ious to engage the readers attention.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.10.I like the cow joke because it provides an allegory for thinking simply about the world, and it allows me to jump right in to an idea that doesnt get written about too much, but that is essential for the everyday workings of science: “Before
45、 doing anything else, abstract out all irrelevant details!“The author suggests that “thinking simply“ works because A. abstract models are more prone to error than are empirical observations. B. some problems can be solved if details are ignored. C. scientists should adhere closely to the concerns o
46、f the public. D. empirical facts can never be successfully modeled. E. events are often self-explanatory.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.E.11.Geologists Harris and Gass hypothesized that the Red Sea rift developed along the line of a suture (a splice in the Earths crust) formed during the late Proterozoic era, and
47、 that significant observable differences in the composition of the upper layers of rocks deposited on either side of the suture give clues to the different natures of the underlying igneous rocks.Other geologists argued that neither the upper rock layer nor the underlying igneous rocks on the one si
48、de of the rift differ fundamentally from the corresponding layers on the other side. These geologists believe, therefore, that there is inadequate evidence to conclude that a suture underlies the rift.In response, Harris and Gass asserted that the Uupper rock layers/U on the two sides of the rift ha
49、d not been shown to be of Usimilar age, structure, or geochemical content./U Furthermore, they cited new evidence that the underlying igneous rocks on either side of the rift contain significantly different kinds of rare metals.According to the passage, Harris and Gass have mentioned all of the following properties of rocks along the Red Sea rift EXCEPT A. ag
