1、2005年 11月份托福阅读真题及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：120 分钟)Questions 1-10 As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more cr
2、owded, as line fanners from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Thir
3、d. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation. Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The f
4、airs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items. Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as t
5、he fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing co
6、unterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods. One of the reasons Philadelphias merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in
7、the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice. （分数：10.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss? （分数：
8、1.00）A.Philadelphias agriculture importanceB.Philadelphias development as a marketing centerC.The sale of imported goods in PhiladelphiaD.The administration of the city of Philadelphia(2). It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because （分数：1.00）A.they provided mo
9、re modem facilities than older marketsB.the High Street Market was forced to closeC.existing markets were unable to serve the growing populationD.farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.(3).The word “hinterland “ in line 3 is closest in meaning to （分数：1.00）A.traditionB.associationC.prod
10、uceD.region(4).The word “it“ in line 6 refers to （分数：1.00）A.the crowded cityB.a radiusC.the High Street MarketD.the period(5).The word “persisted“ in line 9 is closest in meaning to （分数：1.00）A.returnedB.startedC.declinedD.continued(6). According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia were held （分数：1.
11、00）A.on the same day as market saysB.as often as possibleC.a couple of times a yearD.whenever the government allowed it(7).It can be inferred that the author mentions “Linens and stockings“ in line 12 to show that they were items that （分数：1.00）A.retail merchants were not willing to sellB.were not av
12、ailable in the stores in PhiladelphiaC.were more popular in Germantown man in PhiladelphiaD.could easily be transported(8).The word “eradicate“ in line 16 is closest in meaning to （分数：1.00）A.eliminateB.exploitC.organizeD.operate(9).What does the author mean by stating in line 17 that “economic devel
13、opment was on the merchants side “? （分数：1.00）A.Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.B.Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.C.Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independenceD.Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economicallysuccessful.(10).T
14、he word “undergoing“ in line 22 is closest in meaning to （分数：1.00）A.requestingB.experiencingC.repeatingD.includingQuestions 11-22 Avicolturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look f
15、or better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the birds skin to the top portionof the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom
16、 of the egg at a cooler temperature. Thistemperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction cancontribute to this temperature gradient Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirtare cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such ne
17、sts also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottomsections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As thewater that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and isheated by the incubating bird, which adds significa
18、nt humidity to the incubationenvironmentIn artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrotsand incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat theeggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the birds method of naturalincubation,
19、and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold aftereggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep
20、foundation of nesting material toact as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the woodenbottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point wherethe embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected fromdirect sunlight t
21、o avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extremetemperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secureplace to rest. （分数：12.00）(1).What is the main idea of the passage? （分数：1
22、.00）A.Nesting material varies according to theparrots environment.B.Humidity is an important factor inincubating parrots eggs.C.Aviculturists have constructed the idealnest box for parrots.D.Wild parrots nests provide informationuseful for artificial incubation.(2).The word “They“ in line 2 refers t
23、o （分数：1.00）A.aviculturistsB.birdsC.eggsD.rates(3).According to paragraph 2, when thetemperature of the sides and bottom of the eggare cooler than the top, then （分数：1.00）A.there may be a good chance forsuccessful incubationB.the embryo will not develop normallyC.the incubating parent moves the egg to
24、a new position.D.the incubation process is slowed down(4).According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to （分数：1.00）A.soften the bottom of the nest for the newlyhatched chickB.hold the nest togetherC.help lower the temperature at the bottom ofthe nestD.make the nest bigger(5).According t
25、o paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to （分数：1.00）A.provide a beneficial source of humidityin the nestB.loosen the materials at the bottom of thenestC.keep the nest in a clean conditionD.touch the bottom of the eggs(6).All of the following are part of a parrotsincubation method EX
26、CEPT （分数：1.00）A.heating the water vapor as it rises from thebottom of the nestB.arranging nesting material at the bottom ofthe nestC.transferring heat from the parent to the topof the eggshellD.maintaining a constant temperature on theeggshell(7).The word “suspend“ in line 19 is closest inmeaning to
27、 （分数：1.00）A.buildB.paintC.hangD.move(8).The word “fatal“ in line 25 is closest inmeaning to （分数：1.00）A.closeB.deadlyC.naturalD.hot(9).The word “secure“ in line 27 is closest inmeaning to （分数：1.00）A.fieshB.diyC.safeD.warm(10).According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides (（
28、分数：1.00）A.a constant source of humidityB.a strong nest boxC.more room for newly hatched chicksD.protection against cold weather(11).Which of the following is a problem withcommercial incubators? （分数：1.00）A.They lack the natural temperature changesof the outdoors.B.They are unable to heat the eggs ev
29、enlyC.They do not transfer heat to the egg in thesame way the parent bird does.D.They are expensive to operate.(12).Which of the following terms is defined in thepassage? （分数：1.00）A.Aviculturists (line I)B.Gradient (line 8)C.Incubation (line 15)D.Embryo (line 24)Questions 23-33 The mineral particles
30、 found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particlesto large boulders. The most abundant particlessand, silt, and clayare the focusof examination in studies of soil texture. Texture is the term used to describe theline composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several represen
31、tative handfuls. To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out by size andweight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sampleweight. In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of sod andsqueezing the damp soil into t
32、hree basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling soil betweenthe palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample betweenthe thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil w
33、hen molded intoeach of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provides the basis for a generaltextural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened,behave as a plastic. Therefor
34、e the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refinedand durable the shapes into which it can be molded. Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices calledsediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filteredthrough a group of sieves, e
35、ach with a different mesh size, the particles becomegrouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can be weighed to make atextural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles,they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is far too small to sieve accur
36、ately;therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on thebasis of their settling velocity when suspended in water .Since clays settle so slowly,they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off andevaporated, leaving a residue of clay, w
37、hich can be weighed. （分数：11.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss? （分数：1.00）A.Characteristics of high quality soilB.Particles typically found in most soilsC.How a high clay content affects thetexture of soilD.Ways to determine the texture of soil(2).The author mentions “several representativeh
38、andrals“ in line 4 in order to show （分数：1.00）A.the range of soil samplesB.the process by which soil is weighedC.the requirements for an adequate soilsampleD.how small soil particles are(3).The phrase “sorted out“ in line 5 is closest inmeaning to （分数：1.00）A.mixedB.replacedC.carriedD.separated(4).It
39、can be inferred mat the names of the threebasic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect （分数：1.00）A.the way the soil is extractedB.the results of squeezing the soilC.the need to check more than onehandfulD.the difficulty of forming differentshapes(5). The word “dampened“ in line 15 is closest inmeani
40、ng to （分数：1.00）A.damagedB.stretchedC.moistenedD.examined(6).Which of the following can be inferred fromthe passage about a soil sample with little orno clay in it? （分数：1.00）A.It is not very heavy.B.It may not hold its shape when molded.C.Its shape is durableD.Its texture cannot be classified(7).The
41、word “they“ in line 23 refers to （分数：1.00）A.categoriesB.sievesC.larger particlesD.clay particles(8).It can be inferred from the passage that thesediment sieve has an advantage over the handtest in determining soil texture because （分数：1.00）A.using the sieve takes less timeB.the sieve can measure clay
42、C.less training is required to use the sieveD.the sieve allows for a more exactmeasure(9). During the procedure described in paragraph3, when clay particles are placed into waterthey （分数：1.00）A.stick to the sides of the water containerB.take some time to sink to the bottomC.separate into different s
43、izesD.dissolve quickly(10).The word “fine“ in line 24 is closest inmeaning to （分数：1.00）A.tinyB.manyC.excellentD.various(11).All of the following words are defined in thepassage EXCEPT （分数：1.00）A.texture (line 3)B.ribbon (line 11)C.sediment sieves (line 19)D.evaporated (line 27)Questions 34-43 A numb
44、er of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker.The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting informationby use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specializedline communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts
45、 and ideas throughchoice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, bythe rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that areflowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of theutterance. When speaki
46、ng before a group, a persons tone may indicate unsureness orfright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversantstone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipat
47、hy, lack ofconcern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usuallydiscernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communicationthat is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /orgesture. The motivation deri
48、ved from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, incombination with the performers skills, personality, and ability to create empathy willdetermine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication. Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a persons self-image, perception
49、 of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a fewpersonality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person,for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speakerperceives the listeners receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversationcan drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging thespeaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sound
