1、英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 90 及答案解析(总分：12.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、英汉互译(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.英译汉（分数：2.00）_2.Global financial stability has improved over the past six months, bolstered by better macroeco-nomic performance and continued accommodative macroeconomic policies, but fragilities remain. The two-speed recoverymodest
2、 in advanced economies and robust in emerging market economieshas posed different policy challenges for countries. In advanced economies hit hardest by the crisis, governments and households remain heavily indebted, to varying degrees, and the health of financial institutions has not recovered in ta
3、ndem with the overall economy. Emerging market economies are facing new challenges associated with strong domestic demand, rapid credit growth, relatively accommodative macroeconomic policies, and large capital inflows. Geopolitical risks could also threaten the economic and financial outlook, with
4、oil prices increasing sharply amid fears of supply disruptions in the Middle East and North Africa. The main task facing policymakers in advanced economies is to shift the balance of policies a-way from reliance on macroeconomic and liquidity support to more structural policiesless “leaning“ and mor
5、e “cleaning“ of the financial system. This will entail reducing leverage and restoring market discipline, while avoiding financial or economic disruption during the transition. Thus, ongoing policy efforts to withdraw (implicit) public guarantees and ensure bondholder liability for future losses mus
6、t build on more rapid progress toward stronger bank balance sheets, ensuring medium-term fiscal sustainability and addressing excessive debt burdens in the private sector. For policymakers in emerging market economies, the task is to limit overheating and a buildup of vulnerabilitiesto avoid “cleani
7、ng“ later. Emerging market economies have continued to benefit from strong growth relative to that in advanced economies, accompanied by increasing portfolio capital inflows. This is putting pressure on some financial markets, contributing to higher leverage, potential asset price bubbles, and infla
8、tionary pressures. Policymakers will have to pay increasing attention to containing the buildup of macro-financial risks to avoid future problems that could inhibit their growth and damage financial stability. In a number of cases, this will entail a tighter macroeconomic policy stance, and, when ne
9、eded, the use of macro-prudential tools to ensure financial stability. Increasing the financial sector“s capacity to absorb higher flows through efforts to broaden and deepen local capital markets will also help.（分数：2.00）_3.The concept captured the Zeitgeist of the personal computer revolution. Many
10、 young people, especially those in the counterculture, had viewed computers as instruments that could be used by Or-wellian governments and giant corporations to sap individuality. But by the end of the 1970s, they were also being seen as potential tools for personal empowerment. The ad cast Macinto
11、sh as a warrior for the latter causea cool, rebellious and heroic company that was the only thing standing in the way of the big evil corporation“ s plan for world domination and total mind control. Once again Jobs would end up suffering bad publicity without making a penny. Apple“ s stock price kep
12、t dropping, and by March 2003 even the new options were so low that Jobs traded in all of them for an outright grant of $ 75 million worth of shares, which amounted to about $ 8. 3 million for each year he had worked since coming back in 1997 through the end of the vesting in 2006. None of this woul
13、d have mattered much if the Wall Street Journal had not run a powerful series in 2006 about backdated stock options. Apple wasn“ t mentioned, but its board appointed a committee of three membersAl Gore, Eric Schmidt of Google, and Jerry York, formerly of IBM and Chryslerto investigate its own practi
14、ces. “ We decided at the outset that if Steve was at fault we would let the chips fall where they may,“ Gore recalled. The committee uncovered some irregularities with Jobs“ s grants and those of other top officers, and it immediately turned the findings over to the SEC. Jobs was aware of the backda
15、ting, the report said, but he ended up not benefiting financially. ( A board committee at Disney also found that similar backdating had occurred at Pixar when Jobs was in charge. ) The laws governing such backdating practices were murky, especially since no one at Apple ended up benefiting from the
16、dubiously dated grants. The SEC took eight months to do its own investigation , and in April 2007 it announced that it would not bring action against Apple “ based in part on its swift, extensive, and extraordinary cooperation in the Commission“ s investigation and its prompt self-reporting. “ Altho
17、ugh the SEC found that Jobs had been aware of the backdating, it cleared him of any misconduct because he “was unaware of the accounting implications. “ The SEC did file complaints against Apple“ s former Chief financial officer Fred Anderson, who was on the board, and general counsel Nancy Heinen.
18、Anderson, a retired Air Force captain with a square jaw and deep integrity, had been a wise and calming influence at Apple, where he was known for his ability to control Jobs“ s tantrums. He was cited by the SEC only for “negligence“ regarding the paperwork for one set of the grants (not the ones th
19、at went to Jobs) , and the SEC allowed him to continue to serve on corporate boards. Nevertheless he ended up resigning from the Apple board.（分数：2.00）_4.Is the world headed for a food crisis? India, Mexico and Yemen have seen food riots this year. What“ s the cause for these shortages and price hike
20、s? Expensive oil, for the most part. The U-nited Nations food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)reported that, at nearly $ 100 a barrel, the price of oil has sent the cost of food imports skyrocketing this year. Add in escalating crop prices, the FAO warned, and a direct consequence could soon be an
21、increase in global hungerand, as a consequence, increased social unrest. What“ s more, worldwide food reserves are at their lowest in 35 years, so prices are likely to stay high for the foreseeable future. On the demand side, one of the key issues is biofuels. Biofuels, made from food crops such as
22、corn, sugar cane, and palm oil, are seen as easing the world “ s dependence on gasoline or diesel. But when crude oil is expensive, as it is now, these alternative energy sources can also be sold at market-competitive prices, rising steeply in relation to petroleum. With one-quarter of the US corn h
23、arvest in 2010 diverted towards biofuel production, the attendant rose in cereal prices has already had an impact on the cost and availability of food, Critics worry that the gold rush toward biofuels is taking away food from the hungry Leaders in the biofuel industry respond that energy COSTS are m
24、ore to blame for high food prices than biofuels “ Energy is the Mood of the world, so if oil goes up then other commodities follow,“ Claus Sauter, CEO of German bioenergy firms Verbio said. Others argue that cleaner-burning biofuels could help stem the effects of climate change, an other factor iden
25、tified by the FAO as causing food shortages. Analysts note that scientists believe climate change could be behind recent extreme weather patterns, including catastrophic floods, heat waves and drought. All can diminish food harvests and stockpiles. But so can market forces.（分数：2.00）_5.Globalization
26、is under strain as never before. Everywhere its stresses rumble. Most of sub-Saharan Africa, South America, the Middle East, and Central Asia are mired in stagnation or economic decline. North America, Western Europe, and Japan are bogged down in slow growth and risk renewed recession. War now becko
27、ns in Iraq. For advocates of open markets and free trade this experience poses major challenges. Why is globalization so at risk? Why are its benefits seemingly concentrated in a few locations? Can a more balanced globalization be achieved? No easy answers to these questions exist. Open markets are
28、necessary for economic growth, but they are hardly sufficient. Some regions of the world have done extremely well from globalization notably East Asia and China in recent years. Yet some regions have done miserably, especially sub-Saharan Africa. The truth is that economic performance is determined
29、not only by governance standards, but by geopolitics, geography, and economic structure. Countries with large populations, and hence large internal markets, tend to grow more rapidly than countries with small populations. Coastal countries tend to outperform landlocked countries. Countries with high
30、 levels of malaria tend to endure slower growth than countries with lower levels of malaria. Developing countries that neighbor rich markets, such as Mexico, tend to outperform countries far away from major markets. These differences matter. If rich countries don“ t pay heed to such structural issue
31、s, we will find that the gaps between the world“ s winners and losers will continue to widen. If rich countries blame unlucky countriesclaiming that they are somehow culturally or politically unfit to benefit from globalizationwe will create not only deeper pockets of poverty but also deepening unre
32、st. This, in turn, will result in increasing levels of violence, backlash, and yes, terrorism.（分数：2.00）_6.I“ve never been more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty. Language can create its own loveliness, of course, but it cannot deliver to us the radiance we appre
33、hend in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the stunning swiftness of a hawk or the withering power of a supernova. Eva“s wedding album holds only a faint glimmer of the wedding itself. All that pictures or words can do is gesture beyond themselves toward the fleeting glory that stirs
34、our hearts. So I keep gesturing. “ All nature is meant to make us think of paradise,“ Thomas Merton observed. Because the Creation puts on a nonstop show, beauty is free and inexhaustible, but we need training in order to perceive more than the most obvious kinds. Even 15 billion years or so after t
35、he Big Bang, echoes of that event still linger in the form of background radiation, only a few degrees above absolute zero. Just so, I believe, the experience of beauty is an echo of the order and power that permeate the universe. To measure background radiation, we need subtle instruments; to measu
36、re beauty, we need alert intelligence and our five keen senses. (Note：supernova 超新星；the Big Bang 宇宙大爆炸；background radiation 背景辐射) (Excerpt from“Beauty”by Scott Russell Sanders)（分数：2.00）_英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 90 答案解析(总分：12.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、英汉互译(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.英译汉（分数：2.00）_解析：2.Global financial stability ha
37、s improved over the past six months, bolstered by better macroeco-nomic performance and continued accommodative macroeconomic policies, but fragilities remain. The two-speed recoverymodest in advanced economies and robust in emerging market economieshas posed different policy challenges for countrie
38、s. In advanced economies hit hardest by the crisis, governments and households remain heavily indebted, to varying degrees, and the health of financial institutions has not recovered in tandem with the overall economy. Emerging market economies are facing new challenges associated with strong domest
39、ic demand, rapid credit growth, relatively accommodative macroeconomic policies, and large capital inflows. Geopolitical risks could also threaten the economic and financial outlook, with oil prices increasing sharply amid fears of supply disruptions in the Middle East and North Africa. The main tas
40、k facing policymakers in advanced economies is to shift the balance of policies a-way from reliance on macroeconomic and liquidity support to more structural policiesless “leaning“ and more “cleaning“ of the financial system. This will entail reducing leverage and restoring market discipline, while
41、avoiding financial or economic disruption during the transition. Thus, ongoing policy efforts to withdraw (implicit) public guarantees and ensure bondholder liability for future losses must build on more rapid progress toward stronger bank balance sheets, ensuring medium-term fiscal sustainability a
42、nd addressing excessive debt burdens in the private sector. For policymakers in emerging market economies, the task is to limit overheating and a buildup of vulnerabilitiesto avoid “cleaning“ later. Emerging market economies have continued to benefit from strong growth relative to that in advanced e
43、conomies, accompanied by increasing portfolio capital inflows. This is putting pressure on some financial markets, contributing to higher leverage, potential asset price bubbles, and inflationary pressures. Policymakers will have to pay increasing attention to containing the buildup of macro-financi
44、al risks to avoid future problems that could inhibit their growth and damage financial stability. In a number of cases, this will entail a tighter macroeconomic policy stance, and, when needed, the use of macro-prudential tools to ensure financial stability. Increasing the financial sector“s capacit
45、y to absorb higher flows through efforts to broaden and deepen local capital markets will also help.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案： 六个月来，在宏观经济业绩改善和宏观经济政策持续宽松的支持下，全球金融稳定形势有所好转，但脆弱性仍然存在。“双速”复苏(先进经济体较慢，新兴市场经济体强劲)给各国带来了不同的政策挑战。在受危机影响最严重的先进经济体，政府和家庭不同程度地面临债务过高的问题，金融机构未能随总体经济的复苏而恢复健康。新兴市场经济体正面临各种新挑战，这些挑战与国内需求强劲、信贷增
46、长迅速、宏观经济政策相对宽松以及大量资本流人等因素有关。鉴于人们担心中东和北非的石油供应减少，油价日渐攀升，因此地缘政治风险也可能威胁到经济和金融前景。 先进经济体决策者面临的主要任务是将政策重心从依赖宏观经济和流动性支持转向更多地依赖结构性政策，即减少“依赖”和增加对金融体系的“清理”。这要求降低杠杆率和恢复市场纪律，同时避免在过渡期间发生金融和经济混乱。因此，为促进当前旨在撤消政府(隐性)担保、确保债券持有人对未来损失承担责任的政策努力，首先必须迅速恢复银行资产负债表的健康，保障中期财政的可持续性，并解决私人部门债务负担过重的问题。 对新兴市场经济体决策者而言，任务是限制经济过热和脆弱性积
47、累，以避免以后的“清理”。新兴市场经济体的增长继续强于先进经济体，证券资本流入量增加。这种状况给一些金融市场带来压力，使杠杆率升高，形成潜在的资产价格泡沫，并导致通货膨胀压力增大。决策者还须集中更多注意力来控制宏观金融风险的积累，以避免未来发生可能阻碍增长和破坏金融稳定的问题。为此，一些新兴市场国家需要收紧宏观经济政策，并视需要采用宏观审慎工具以确保金融稳定。努力拓宽和深化本国资本市场，以此提高金融部门吸收更多资本流入的能力，也会有所助益。)解析：3.The concept captured the Zeitgeist of the personal computer revolution. Many young people, especially those in the counterculture, had viewed computers as instruments that could be used by Or-wellian governments and giant corporations to sap
