1、考研英语阅读理解 B 节(新题型)分类精讲商业经济类-(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：5，分数：100.00)A. Not everyone in Chile is happy. Investors in the smaller companies whose mines have been closed in the safety clamp-down are particularly displeased. But as well as complying with safety standards, it is
2、 helpful if mining companies have the resources, technical and financial, to cope when accidents do happen, as they inevitably will. As BP has demonstrated, being a big, well-financed business is no guarantee of an impeccable safety record. But BP did have one thing going for itdeep pockets. It has
3、met the estimated $10 billion cost of the clean up so far, without recourse to the taxpayer.B. Like unhappy families, every corporate disaster is unhappy in its own way. Except the Chilean mining disaster, which appears to be that rare phenomenona corporate disaster with a happy ending.C. Of course,
4、 some people make their own luck. Unlike Tony Hayward, who sailed his yacht in the Channel while BP spewed oil in the Gulf of Mexico, President Pinera didnt take it upon himself to go potholing in the middle of the Chilean rescue effort. D. The second hopeful sign in Fhile is that so far the governm
5、ent worked constructively with business during rescue effort. This was led by state-owned Codelco, the worlds largest copper producer, which pulled in help from BHP Billiton, Freeport McMoRan Copper Gold and other private sec-tor specialists, well as NASA. Contrast that with the blame-shifting and r
6、esponsibility-dodgingboth corporate and politicalafter BPs Deepwater Horizon oil spill. It is not ideal that the estimated $10m-$20m cost of the Chilean mining rescue has been shouldered by the government, but the San Esteban mining companys obvious uselessness at least made it easier for everyone e
7、lse to pull together.E. However, the main reason Chile has a good chance of learning the lessons from its disaster is that they are relatively straightforward: mining is a risky business so safety regulations must be en-forced The Chilean triumph is to be celebrated, but the element of luck, as the
8、rescue engineers noted, should not be overlooked. Some disasters, such as Hungarys chemical sludge spill, just arent reversible.F. First, past mistakes have been acknowledged. The San Jose mine, owned by Compania Minera San Esteban Primera had a poor safety record: by all accounts, it should not hav
9、e been allowed to reopen after a previous accident (company funds are now frozen after legal action by miners families). The disaster has highlighted poor safety standards at many of Chiles smaller mines, partly because of in-adequate supervision. The chief mining regulator has been sacked and a sha
10、ke-up, including more money for more inspectors, is under way. President Pinera should find it relatively easy to draw a line under previous inadequacies, because most predate his term of office (although considerable pushing by miners relatives was required before the rescue effort swung into actio
11、n).G. The high drama of the past 48 hoursnot to say the past 69 daysis over. But that is not the end of the story for the minersor for the Chilean copper industry. Dealing with the aftermath of a disaster may turn out to be as difficult, in its own way, as the rescue. Will President Pineras next fea
12、t be to produce a sensible and durable reform program to improve mining safety and reinforce his countrys position as the worlds largest copper producer? There are some grounds for optimism that the lessons of this particular corporate disaster will be taken seriously.Order:（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填
13、空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one persons view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody elses. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosse
14、s. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses.“Being a good boss is important in any organization, but its particularly important for small business“, says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Bums Academy of Leadership
15、 at the University of Maryland. “With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company.“Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attributes:1. Be inclusive.With a smaller operation
16、, its essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback,
17、 innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged.2. Mission, not just money.Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but thats not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission.
18、How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set.3. Nothing to fear but fear itself.Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in
19、 beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance.4. Its their careers, too.Dont forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their ca
20、reers. As I said, its not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves.5. Made, not necessarily born.One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, l
21、earned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and,
22、 just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees.A. “Its important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But its also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by y
23、our employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake,“ says Sheehan.B. “You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have“, says Sheehan.C. “People can definitely devel
24、op good leadership capabilities“, says Sheehan. “To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost.“D. If an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture
25、that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans.E. For instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers h
26、ealth. Not only can a clear mission (responsibility) serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs.F. “This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know were not going to ki
27、ll each other if things dont work out,“ says Sheehan. “I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. Its a question of what you want to focus on./（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_A. The necessit
28、y to stop the current practiceB. Effect of the pet-raising industry on fish populationC. Consequences from killing fish predatorsD. Consumption of fish by domestic animalsE. The practice of removing predatory speciesF. The reduction of fish population by rising human populationsAll over the world, f
29、ishing communities are screaming for the heads of seals, dolphins, pelicans and even whales. The reason for this is grossly diminished populations of commercial fish. Simply put, most of the worlds commercial fisheries have collapsed or are in a state of collapse. The reason for the collapse has bee
30、n a combination of mismanagement and corruption within governmental fishery departments, industrial over-fishing, increasing demand fiom steadily rising human populations and just plain greed.(1) .Instead of facing up to the real reasons, government bureaucrats, fishermen and the public have chosen
31、to scapegoat other species that rely on fish for their survival. Because of this, Canadians are engaged in a massive slaughter of seals on the Atlantic coast and clamoring for a seal lion killed on the Pacific coast. The Namibians are killing some 60, 000 seals each year. The Japanese are slaughteri
32、ng dolphins; fishermen in California are killing and maiming pelicans and cormorants; and the Norwegians, Icelanders and the Japanese are steadily increasing their illegal whale kills.(2) .In fact, in every coastal community the story is the same. Kill the seals, kill the birds and kill the dolphins
33、anything to save the fish. Ironically, the diminishment of seals and other natural predators is directly contributing to a further decline in fish. The reason for this is that marine mammals and birds eat fish and remove sick and weak species from the populations they prey upon. In the case of the h
34、arp seal, the seals remove species that prey upon cod and thus reduce predatory species having an impact on the cod. The fact is that the largest predators of fish are other fish. Seals, dolphins, pelicans and cormorants keep these populations in check and in balance.(3) Before modern global fishing
35、, marine mammal and sea bird populations were much more populous than today. The seal population on the East Coast alone was close to 40 million only 500 years ago. And there was no shortage offish. The cod have been reduced to one percent of their original numbers in the last 500 years by the human
36、 species. Lets put this in perspective. The worldwide population of all species of seals is about 28 million. Yet the worldwide population of domestic housecats is estimated to be about 80 million. The housecat population of the US alone consumes 2.9 million tons of fish each year. This means that S
37、outh Africas entire annual catch offish is only 17 percent of this 2.9-million-ton requirement. As seal conservationist Francois Hugo of South Africa puts it, “We are destroying our indigenous natural wildlife to feed an unchecked exotic domestic pet market. “(4) .It is also a tragedy that more than
38、 50 percent of all the fish taken from the sea are not eaten by people. Most of it is rendered into animal feed for cattle, chickens, pigs and, ironically, for farm-raised salmon. It takes 30 to 50 fish caught from the ocean to raise and market one farm-raised salmon. Captain Jacques Cousteau told m
39、e not long before he died that “the oceans are dying in our time.“(5) .We must be insane to continue to pull the last of the fishes from the sea to feed domestic pets and livestock. Most of these fish are the small fishes like the herring, and sand-eelsthe very fish that provide the foundation of th
40、e food chain for the larger fish. The North Sea sand-eel fishery alone has destroyed tens of thousands of puffins and this fishery is exclusively for the livestock feed trade. If nations simply prohibited the taking of fish to feed livestock and pets, we would effectively cut the annual reduction of
41、 fish from our oceans by more than 50 percent. But it wont happen because there is much money to be made from selling these products and government bureaucrats and politicians do what they are told by the corporations that have the money and provide the jobs.Unfortunately, this path has only one des
42、tination the silent seas, fishes out, with whales, seals, birds, and turtles removed. A stagnant stinking cesspool of lifeless brine will be our legacy.（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_In 1959 the average American family paid $989 for a years supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1, 3
43、11. That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible?Many blame the farmers who produc
44、e the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the farmers share of the $1, 311 spent by the family in 1972 was $521. This was 31 percent more than the farmer had received in 1959.But farmers claim that this increase was v
45、ery small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products; leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other f
46、ood containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold.(1) .Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlemen received $790, which was 33 per cent more than they had received in 1959. It appears that the middlemens profit has increased more than farmers. But some economists claim that the middl
47、emans actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one percent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent. (2) .(3) .Vegetables and chicken cost
48、 more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several “TV dinners“ are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes dessert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. (4) .Economists remind us that many modem housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy fo
