1、考研英语 86及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his fa
2、mily -|_|- he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may also
3、need money to construct irrigation -|_|- and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this kin
4、d are not -|_|- obtainable. If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family -|_|- he produces a surplus. He m
5、ust use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation -|_
6、|- and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this kind are not -|_|- obtainable.（分数：1.00）A.
7、other thanB.as well asC.instead ofD.more than二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. 1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and 2) point out its implications in our life. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its
8、 meaning, and 2) point out its implications in our life. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monop
9、oly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new super
10、systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals,
11、and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“ captive“ shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another rail
12、road is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimi
13、nation against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to should
14、er the cost of keeping up the line. It s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketpla
15、ce?“ asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capi
16、tal it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail s net railway operating income in 1996 was jus
17、t $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. （分数：1.00）(1) According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unl
18、ikely because（分数：0.20）A.cost reduction is based on competition.B.services call for cross-trade coordination.C.outside competitors will continue to exist.D.shippers will have the railway by the throat.(2). What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?（分数：0.20）
19、A.Indifferent.B.Supportive.C.Indignant.D.Apprehensive.(3). It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that（分数：0.20）A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.B.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.C.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.D.a government
20、board ensures fair play in railway business.(4). The word“ arbiters“ ( line 6, paragraph 4 ) most probably refers to those（分数：0.20）A.who work as coordinators.B.who function as judges.C.who supervise transactions.D.who determine the price.(5) According to the text, the cost increase in the rail indus
21、try is mainly caused by（分数：0.20）A.the continuing acquisition.B.the growing traffic.C.the cheering Wall Street.D.the shrinking market.Americans today don t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send
22、our children to get a practical educationnot to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti- intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,“ says education writer Diane Rav
23、itch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.“ Ravitch s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be
24、. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorri
25、s, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.“ “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,“ writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti- intellectualism in US
26、 politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could le
27、arn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for I0 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a
28、thing.“ Mark Twain s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized going to school and learning to readso he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Int
29、ellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country s ed
30、ucational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.“ （分数：1.00）(1). What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?（分数：0.20）A.The habit
31、 of thinking independently.B.Profound knowledge of the world.C.Practical abilities for future careerD.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.(2) We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of（分数：0.20）A.undervaluing intellect.B.favoring intellectualism.C.supporting school reform.D.suppr
32、essing native intelligence.(3).The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are（分数：0.20）A.identical.B.similar.C.complementary.D.opposite.(4). Emerson, according to the text, is probably（分数：0.20）A.a pioneer of education reform.B.an opponent of intellectualism.C.a scholar in favor of intellect.D.an a
33、dvoeate of regular schooling.(5).What does the author think of intellect?（分数：0.20）A.It is second to intelligence.B.It evolves from common sense.C.It is to be pursued.D.It underlies power.Its hardly news anymore that Americans are just too fat. A quick look around the mall, the beach or the crowd at
34、any baseball game will leave no room for doubt:our individual weight problems have become a national crisis. Even so, the actual numbers are shocking. Fully two-thirds of U. S. adults are officially overweight, and about half of those have graduated to full-blown obesity. It wouldnt be such a big de
35、al if the problem were simple aesthetic. But excess poundage takes a terrible toll on the human body. significantly increasing the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, infertility, and many forms of cancer. The total medical bill for illnesses related to obesity is $117 billion a ye
36、ar-and climbing - and the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that poor diet and physical inactivity could soon overtake tobacco as the leading cause of preventable death in the U. S. Why is it happening? The obvious, almost trivial answer is that we eat too much high-calorie food a
37、nd dont burn it off with enough exercise. If only we could change those habits, the problem would go away. But clearly it isnt that easy. Americans pour scores of billions of dollars every year into weight-loss products and health-club memberships. Food and drug companies spend even more trying to f
38、ind a magic food or drug that will melt the pounds away. Yet the nations collective waistline just keeps growing. Its natural to try to find something to blame - fast-food joints or food manufacturers or even ourselves for having too little willpower. But the ultimate reason for obesity may be roote
39、d deep within our genes. Obedient to the inevitable laws of evolution, the human race adapted over millions of years to living in a world of scarcity, where it paid to eat every good-tasting thing in sight when you could find it. Although our physiology has stayed pretty much the same for the past 5
40、0,000 years or so,we humans have utterly transformed our environment. Over the past century especially, technology has almost completely removed physical exercise from the day-to-day lives of most Americans. At the same time, it has filled supermarket shelves with cheap, mass-produced, good-tasting
41、food that is packed with calories. And finally, technology has allowed advertisers to deliver constant, virtually irresistible messages that say “Eat this now“ to everyone old enough to watch TV. This artificial environment is most pervasive in the U. S. and other industrialized countries, and thats
42、 exactly where the fat crisis is most acute. （分数：1.00）(1). The author warns that overweight has（分数：0.20）A.become an obsolete source of news.B.been a common concern in the U. S.C.developed into a critical condition.D.grown into a threat to the nation.(2).The text arranges obesity according to（分数：0.20
43、）A.class.B.size.C.grade.D.rank.(3). Fat crisis seems to result chiefly from（分数：0.20）A.failure to check fast food joints.B.super-affluent living conditions.C.defects of most weight-loss drugs.D.variable eating habits of humans.(4).According to the 2nd paragraph,（分数：0.20）A.obese individuals appear sim
44、ply unsightly.B.losing a pound of excess weight is very costly.C.obesity bears liability for most human deaths.D.overweight has appalling effect on our health.(5).All of the following directly account for obesity EXCLUDING（分数：0.20）A.most nourishing diet.B.less drain on strength.C.a lot of extra body
45、 fat.D.labor-saving technology.For three decades weve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic (increasing oxygen consumption) exercise. Medical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good health, and millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill(踏车) to reap the rewards.
46、But the story is changing. Everyone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon generals office has recently embraced strength training as a complement to aerobics. And as weight lifting has gone mainstream, so has the once obscure practice known as “Super Slow“ training. Enthusiasts claim th
47、at by pumping iron at a snails pace-making each “rep“(repeat) last 14 seconds instead of the usual seven-you can safely place extraordinary demands on your muscles, and call forth an extraordinary response. Slow lifting may not be the only exercise you need, as some advocates believe, but the benefi
48、ts are often dramatic. Almost anyone can handle this routine. The only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance for deep muscular burn. Fox each exercise-leg press, bench press, shoulder press and so on-you set the machine to provide only moderate resistance. But as you draw out each rep, depriving yourself of impetus, the weight soon feels unbearable. Defying the impulse to stop, you keep going until you cant compl
