1、考研英语 81及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work is well done, a -|_|- of accident-fre
2、e operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others de
3、pend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|- . The fewer the injury -|_|- , the bet
4、ter the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work
5、is well done, a -|_|- of accident-free operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices
6、 by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|- .
7、 The fewer the injury -|_|- , the better the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. （分数：1.00）A.atB.inC.onD.with二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the carto
8、on, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible cour
9、ses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Among the many other things it is, a portrait is always a record of the personal and artistic encounter that produced it. It is possible for artists to produce portraits
10、 of individuals who have not sat for them, but the portrait that finally emerges normally betrays the restrictions under which the artist has been forced to labor. Even when an artists portrait is simply a copy of someone elses work-as in the many portraits of Queen Elizabeth I that were produced du
11、ring her lifetime-the never-changing features of a ruler who refused to sit for her court painters reflect not only the supposed powers of an ever-youthful queen but the remoteness of those attempting to depict her as well. Portraits are “occasional“ not only in the sense that they are closely tied
12、to particular events in the lives of their subjects but in the sense that there is usually an occasion-however brief, uncomfortable, artificial, or unsatisfactory it may prove to be-in which the artist and subject directly confront each other;and thus the encounter a portrait records is most really
13、the sitting itself. The sitting may be brief or extended, collegial or confrontational. Cartier-Bresson has expressed his passion for portrait photography by characterizing it as “a duel without rules“. While Cartier-Bresson reveals himself as an interloper and opportunist, Richard Avedon confesses
14、to a role as diagnostician and psychic healer: not as someone who necessarily transforms his subjects, but as someone who reveals their essential nature. Both photographers appear to agree on one basis, however, which is that the fundamental dynamic in this process lies squarely in the hands of the
15、artist. A quite-different example has its roots not in confrontation or consultation but in active collaboration between the artist and sitter. This very different kind of relationship was formulated most vividly by William Hazlitt in his essay entitled “On Sitting for Ones Picture“. To Hazlitt, the
16、 “bond of connection“ between painter and sitter is most like the relationship between two lovers: “They are always thinking and talking of the same thing, in which their self love finds an equal counterpart.“ Hazlitt flashes out his thesis by recounting particular episodes from the career of Sir Jo
17、shua Reynolds. According to Hazlitt, Reynolds sitters, accompanied by their friends, were meant to enjoy an atmosphere that was both comfortable for them and conductive to the enterprise of the portrait painter, who was simultaneously their host and their contractual employee. In the case of artists
18、 like Reynolds, no fundamental difference exists between the artists studio and all those other rooms in which the sitters spin out the days of their lives. The act of entering Reynolds studio did not necessarily transform those who sat for him. Collaboration in portraiture such as Reynolds is based
19、 on the sitters comfort and security as well as on his or her desire to experiment with something new, and it is in this “creation of another self“, as Hazlitt put it, that the painters subjects may properly see themselves for the first time. （分数：1.00）(1). In referring to Queen Elizabeth I as “ever-
20、youthful“, the author implies that（分数：0.20）A.she instructed court painters to portray her younger than she actually was.B.all her portraits available for copying were painted when she was young.C.she intended her portrait to be painted young to reflect her ruling powers.D.artists purposely made her
21、portraits appear younger than her actual age.(2).The author quotes Cartier-Bresson in order to（分数：0.20）A.refute Avedons conception about a portrait sitting.B.provide one perspective of the portraiture encounter.C.exemplify time restriction of the sitting for portraiture.D.support the thesis on the u
22、ncertainty of a collegial sitting(3).It would be most consistent with the text to infer that Reynolds（分数：0.20）A.may have provided a transforming experience for some sitters.B.must have worked primarily with experienced portrait subjects.C.might have frequently painted portraits at his subjects homes
23、.D.could have been alone with his sitters while portraying them.(4).Which of the following best characterizes the portraiture experience as viewed by Avedon?（分数：0.20）A.A collaboration.B.A mutual accommodation.C.A consultation.D.A comfortable encounter.(5).A portrait artist operating under the Reynol
24、ds example would probably disagree that（分数：0.20）A.a portrait sitting often changes the way the sitter views himself/herself.B.portraiture helps both artist and subject to display their vanity.C.a portrait sitting may frequently heighten the sitters self-knowledge.D.portraiture depends more on the su
25、bjects initiative than on the artists.A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than
26、 any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers were the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this prima
27、cy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics ,had shrunk or
28、 vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. Americas machine-tool industry was on
29、the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe
30、 that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing compet
31、ition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind p
32、ride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, “according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,“
33、says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington D. C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.“ （分数：1.00）(1).The U. S. achieved its predominance after World
34、 War because_.（分数：0.25）A.it had made painstaking efforts towards this goalB.its domestic market was eight times larger than beforeC.the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitorsD.the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy(2).The loss of U. S. predo
35、minance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_.（分数：0.25）A.TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic marketB.semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprisesC.machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actionsD.auto industry had lost pa
36、rt of its domestic market(3).What can be inferred from the passage?（分数：0.25）A.It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.B.Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.C.The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.D.A long history of success may pav
37、e the way for further development.(4).The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the_.（分数：0.25）A.turning of the business cycleB.restructuring of industryC.improved business managementD.success in educationThe world is going through the biggest wave
38、of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-co
39、mpetitive force?“ Theres no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of product
40、ion in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller econ
41、omic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M the number of prisoners tripled over the past 20 years to nearly 2 million, with 60 to 70 per cent testing positive for substance abuse on arrest. T
42、he country has spent billions of dollars attacking the problem at its roots. But there is growing consensus that the “war on drug“ has been lost. The United States is still the worlds largest consumer of illegal substances; cocaine continues to pour over the border from Mexico. “Traffic“ taps into t
43、he national frustration, depicting the horrors of both drugs and the drug war. Without taking sides, the film illuminates the national debate and poses on alternative that Americans seem increasingly willing to consider: finding new ways to treat, rather than merely punish, drug abuse. Policy revolu
44、tionslike legalizing narcotics (drugs producing sleep or insensibility) remain a distant dream. But there is growing public awareness that the money and energy wasted on trying to check the flow of drugs into the United States might be better spent on trying to control demand instead. Voters in seve
45、ral states are far ahead of the politicians, approving ballot initiatives that offer more treatment opinions. “Drugs courts“ that allow judges to use carrots and sticks to compel substance-abuse treatment have grown fifty-fold since the mid-1990s, part of a new understanding that, even with frequent
46、 relapses( returns to a formal state), treatment is much less expensive for society than jail and ban. Drug addiction is increasingly being viewed as more a disease than a crime. Science is yielding clues about the “hedonic (of pleasure ) region“ of the brain, while breakthrough medications and grea
47、ter understanding of the mental-health problems that underlie many addictions are giving therapists new tools. Officials across the Continent have already begun shifting their focus from preventing drug flow to rehabilitating (making able to live a normal life again) drug users. The new European Uni
48、on Drugs Strategy for 2000-2004 makes a commitment to increasing the number of successfully treated addicts. Gemany, Italy and Luxembourg have transferred responsibility for drug policy from their Ministries of the Interior to the Ministries of Health or Social Affairs. In Britain, the government has set up a National Treatment Agency to coordinate the efforts of social-service agencies and the D
