1、考研英语 708及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The appeal of the world of work is first its freedom. The child is compelled to go to school; he is under the 1 of authority. Even what he 2 to school may be decided for him. As he grows up,he sees 3 it is to be free 4 school and to
2、be able to choose his job and change it if he doesnt like it,to have money in his pocket and 5 to come and go as he wishes in the world. The boys and girls, a year or two older than he is, whom he has long observed, revisit school utterly 6 and apparently mature. Suddenly masters and mistresses seem
3、 7 out of date as his parents and the authority of school a 8 thing. At the moment the adult world may appear so much more real than the school world 9 the hunger to enter it cannot be appeased by exercises in school books, or talk of 10 examinations necessary for entry into professions or the more
4、attractive occupations. This may not be the wisest 11 but it is a necessary part of growing up, for everyone must come sooner or later to the 12 of saying“ Really, Ive had enough of being taught; I must do a proper job. “Some youths, maturing rapidly because of outside influences,come to this decisi
5、on 13 than they ought. Yet in a way this is not a bad frame of mind to be in 14 leaving school. At work, the young man makes one of the first great acceptances of life-he accepts the 15 of the material or the process he is working with. The job must be done in accord with some rigid process he canno
6、t 16 . He sees the point of it and in doing so comes to 17 with life. Nothing done in school 18 its will in quite the same way;if it is wet games can be cancelled;if the math master is ill one can 19 with something else. But even the boy delivering papers, like the driver taking out his bus, discove
7、rs that one cannot 20 because there is snow on the ground, or the foreman is irritable, or he himself is in a bad mood that morning.（分数：1.00）(1).The appeal of the world of work is first its freedom. The child is compelled to go to school; he is under the 1 of authority. Even what he 2 to school may
8、be decided for him. As he grows up,he sees 3 it is to be free 4 school and to be able to choose his job and change it if he doesnt like it,to have money in his pocket and 5 to come and go as he wishes in the world. The boys and girls, a year or two older than he is, whom he has long observed, revisi
9、t school utterly 6 and apparently mature. Suddenly masters and mistresses seem 7 out of date as his parents and the authority of school a 8 thing. At the moment the adult world may appear so much more real than the school world 9 the hunger to enter it cannot be appeased by exercises in school books
10、, or talk of 10 examinations necessary for entry into professions or the more attractive occupations. This may not be the wisest 11 but it is a necessary part of growing up, for everyone must come sooner or later to the 12 of saying“ Really, Ive had enough of being taught; I must do a proper job. “S
11、ome youths, maturing rapidly because of outside influences,come to this decision 13 than they ought. Yet in a way this is not a bad frame of mind to be in 14 leaving school. At work, the young man makes one of the first great acceptances of life-he accepts the 15 of the material or the process he is
12、 working with. The job must be done in accord with some rigid process he cannot 16 . He sees the point of it and in doing so comes to 17 with life. Nothing done in school 18 its will in quite the same way;if it is wet games can be cancelled;if the math master is ill one can 19 with something else. B
13、ut even the boy delivering papers, like the driver taking out his bus, discovers that one cannot 20 because there is snow on the ground, or the foreman is irritable, or he himself is in a bad mood that morning.（分数：0.05）A.thumbB.fingerC.palmD.handA.carriesB.bearsC.wearsD.bringsA.freedomB.desireC.impu
14、lseD.curiosityA.transferredB.transformedC.relaxedD.relievedA.muchB.suchC.soD.asA.ambiguousB.ambitiousC.ridiculousD.conspicuousA.thatB.whichC.whenD.whereA.testifyingB.qualifyingC.justifyingD.rectifyingA.latitudesB.altitudesC.magnitudesD.attitudesA.vergeB.phaseC.pointD.senseA.betterB.soonerC.fasterD.l
15、aterA.byB.atC.forD.onA.whyB.whatC.howD.whetherA.disciplineB.restraintC.principleD.regulationA.reviseB.offendC.alterD.shiftA.dealsB.termsC.touchesD.arraysA.plungeB.impactC.imposeD.reinforceA.go overB.get onC.cut inD.come upA.put it offB.get it overC.pull it upD.make it outA.toB.forC.inD.of二、Section W
16、riting(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following cartoon caref
17、ully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)A “radiative forcing“ is any change imposed on
18、the Earth that affect the planetary energy balance. Radiative forcings include changes in greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and ozone), aerosols in the atmosphere, solar irradiance, and surface reflectivity. A forcing may result from either a natural or an anthropogenic cause, or from both, a
19、s in the case of atmospheric aerosol concentrations, which can be altered either by volcanic action or the burning of fossil fuels. Radiative forcings are typically specified for the purpose of theoretical global climate simulations. In contrast, radiative “feedbacks“ are environmental changes resul
20、ting from climate changes and are calculated from scientific observation. Radiative feedbacks include changes in such phenomena as clouds, atmospheric water vapor, sea-ice cover, and snow cover. The interplay between forcings and feedbacks can be quite complex. For example, an increase in the concen
21、tration of atmospheric water vapor increases solar irradiance, thereby warming the atmosphere and, in turn, increasing evaporation and the concentration of atmospheric water vapor. A related example of this complex interplay also shows the uncertainty of future climatic changes associated with forci
22、ngs and feedbacks. Scientists are unsure how the reduction of ozone will ultimately affect clouds and, in turn, the Earth temperature. Clouds trap outgoing, cooling radiation, thereby providing a warming influence. However, they also reflect incoming solar radiation and thus provide a cooling influe
23、nce. Currents measurements indicate that the net effect of clouds is to cool the Earth. However, scientists do not know how the balance might shift in the future as cloud formation and dispersion are affected by ozone reduction. Contributing to this uncertainty is the complexity of the mechanisms at
24、 work in the process of ozone reduction. The amount of radiation reaching the earths surface and the amount of reradiated radiation that is trapped by the greenhouse effect influence the Earths temperature in opposite directions. Both mechanisms are affected by the vertical distribution of ozone. Al
25、so, the relative importance of these two competing mechanisms depends on the altitude at which ozone changes occur. In a recent NASA-sponsored aircraft study of the Antarctic ozone hole, chlorine monoxide was measured at varying altitudes. The measurements suggest that chlorine plays a greater role,
26、 and oxides of nitrogen a lesser role, than previously thought in the destruction of ozone in the lower atmosphere. The study concluded that simultaneous high-resolution measurements at many different altitudes (on the scale of 0.1 kilometer in vertical extent) are necessary to diagnose the operativ
27、e mechanisms. These findings have called into question conventional explanations for ozone reduction, which fail to adequately account for the new evidence. (NASA=National Aeronautics and Space Administration 国家航空航天局) （分数：1.00）(1). We learn from the text that the burning of petrol（分数：0.20）A.forms on
28、e of anthropogenic causes of radiative forcings.B.results in both radiative forcings and radiative feedbacks.C.can hardly affect atmospheric forcings and feedbacks.D.makes up a significant type of radiative forcing.(2).According to the text ,decreased evaporation is most likely to bring about（分数：0.2
29、0）A.a growth in water vapor concentration.B.a drop in atmospheric absorption of solar radiation.C.a decrease in other radiative forcings or feedbacks.D.an increase in atmospheric cooling effect.(3).The NASA-sponsored study of the ozone hole（分数：0.20）A.failed to demonstrate of the variablity of ozone
30、amounts at varying heights.B.did not raise doubts about current means of measuring ozone reduction.C.neglected to underline the complexity in measuring radiative changes.D.overlooked the distinction between early theories and recent evidence.(4). The example of ozone reduction is used to show the（分数
31、：0.20）A.complex operations of feedbacks and forcingsB.distinction between radiative feedbacks and forcings.C.difficulty in balancing forcing-feedback interactions.D.impact of cloud formation on global climate.(5).Scientists could more accurately predict the extent and direction of greenhouse effect
32、if they were to（分数：0.20）A.monitor radiative feedbacks over a longer period.B.focus their research on determining reradiative changes.C.identify the types of the workings of ozone changes.D.calculate the precise altitude where ozone formations occur.There will be a steady trend toward vegetarianism.
33、A given quantity of ground can provide plant food for man or it can provide plant food for animals which are later killed for meat. In converting the tissues of food into the tissues of the feeder, up to 90 per cent is used for reasons other than tissue maintenance and growth. This means that one hu
34、ndred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of human tissuewhile one hundred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of animal tissue, which will then support one pound of human tissue. In other words, land devoted to plant food will support ten times as many human beings as land devoted
35、 to animal food. It is this (far more than food preferences or religious directions ) that forces overcrowded populations into vegetarianism. And it will be the direction in which the United States of 2001 will be movingnot by presidential order, but through the force of a steady rise in meat prices
36、 as compared with other kinds of food. This, in turn, will come about because our herds will decrease as the food demand causes more and more meadow to be turned to farmland, and as land producing corn and other animal food is converted to providing food directly for man. Another point is that it is
37、 not only energy that is in short supply. A shortage of oil means a shortage of plastics; a shortage of electricity means a shortage of aluminium. We are also experiencing a shortage of paper and most other raw materials. This means that, for one thing, our generosity in wrapping, bagging and packag
38、ing will have to recede. There will have to be at least a partial return in supermarkets to the old days where goods were supplied in bulk and given out in bags to order. It may even become necessary to return bags, as we once returned bottles, or pay for new ones. A decline in per-capita energy use
39、 will make it necessary to resort to human muscle again, so that the delivery man will make a comeback (his price added to that of the food, of course).Since energy shortages will cause unemployment in many sectors of the economy, there will be idle hands to do the manual work that will become neces
40、sary. From an energy-saving standpoint, it would make far more sense to order by phone and have a single truck deliver food to many homes, than for a member of each home to drive an automobile, round-trip, to pick up a one-family food supply. To be sure, it will not all be retrogression. Even assumi
41、ng that Earth is in a desperate battle of survival through a crisis of still rising population and dwindling energy reserves, there should still continue to be technological advances in those directions that dont depend on wasteful bulk use of energy. There will be continuing advances in the directi
42、on of “sophistication“, in other words. （分数：1.00）(1). We know from the text that（分数：0.20）A.vegetarianism is the natural result of peoples food selection.B.present farmland produces more vegetables than animal food.C.vegetarianism is to be caused by the laws of market economy.D.peoples food preferenc
43、es conflict with supply and demand.(2).According to the author, deficiency of food inevitably leads to（分数：0.20）A.rapid increase in farmland yields.B.growing diminution of grassland.C.gradual termination of meat supply.D.violent struggle for animal food.(3) The author sees the positive effect of ener
44、gy crisis in its（分数：0.20）A.impulse to wholesale dealings.B.solution of employment problems.C.restriction on fossil fuel extraction.D.impetus to technological progress.(4). The shortage of energy will result in（分数：0.20）A.a steady decrease in the feeding of herds.B.a continual drop in recycling used p
45、ackages.C.a forced return to an early stage of certain jobs.D.a great reduction in the kinds of motor vehicles.(5). The phrase “will have to recede“ in Par. 6 most probably means（分数：0.20）A.must be restrained considerably.B.must retreat from the present position.C.will have to be eliminated totally.D
46、.should slip away from the stated point.As Americas air becomes steadily more contaminated, activities across the nation to cope with smog appear to be lagging further and further behind actual needs despite a rising public clamor for improvement. There has been a considerable progress in the last c
47、ouple of years. But the over-all picture is that so many localities havent really come to grips with the air pollution problem that people might be dismayed if they knew how their welfare was being trifled with. Air pollution sources are now hurling more than 140 million tons of contaminants into th
48、e atmosphere every year, by Federal estimates. Two years ago it was only 130 million tons. The increase has been caused by many things-more people, more automobiles, more industry, more space heating, little if any reduction that more often than not are inadequate. The adverse health effects of air
49、pollution are becoming more widely recognized, although specific medical evidence is still fragmentary. As a psychological annoyance, often called an “esthetic“ factor, it translates into decreased property values. In damage to crops and other plants, its cost is reckoned in millions of dollars; in damage to structures and materials, in billions. Federal and state pollution control officials report the following highlight of the current situation.
