1、考研英语 680及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The appeal of the world of work is first its freedom. The child is compelled to go to school; he is under the 1 of authority. Even what he 2 to school may be decided for him. As he grows up,he sees 3 it is to be free 4 school and to
2、be able to choose his job and change it if he doesnt like it,to have money in his pocket and 5 to come and go as he wishes in the world. The boys and girls, a year or two older than he is, whom he has long observed, revisit school utterly 6 and apparently mature. Suddenly masters and mistresses seem
3、 7 out of date as his parents and the authority of school a 8 thing. At the moment the adult world may appear so much more real than the school world 9 the hunger to enter it cannot be appeased by exercises in school books, or talk of 10 examinations necessary for entry into professions or the more
4、attractive occupations. This may not be the wisest 11 but it is a necessary part of growing up, for everyone must come sooner or later to the 12 of saying“ Really, Ive had enough of being taught; I must do a proper job. “Some youths, maturing rapidly because of outside influences,come to this decisi
5、on 13 than they ought. Yet in a way this is not a bad frame of mind to be in 14 leaving school. At work, the young man makes one of the first great acceptances of life-he accepts the 15 of the material or the process he is working with. The job must be done in accord with some rigid process he canno
6、t 16 . He sees the point of it and in doing so comes to 17 with life. Nothing done in school 18 its will in quite the same way;if it is wet games can be cancelled;if the math master is ill one can 19 with something else. But even the boy delivering papers, like the driver taking out his bus, discove
7、rs that one cannot 20 because there is snow on the ground, or the foreman is irritable, or he himself is in a bad mood that morning.（分数：1.00）(1).The appeal of the world of work is first its freedom. The child is compelled to go to school; he is under the 1 of authority. Even what he 2 to school may
8、be decided for him. As he grows up,he sees 3 it is to be free 4 school and to be able to choose his job and change it if he doesnt like it,to have money in his pocket and 5 to come and go as he wishes in the world. The boys and girls, a year or two older than he is, whom he has long observed, revisi
9、t school utterly 6 and apparently mature. Suddenly masters and mistresses seem 7 out of date as his parents and the authority of school a 8 thing. At the moment the adult world may appear so much more real than the school world 9 the hunger to enter it cannot be appeased by exercises in school books
10、, or talk of 10 examinations necessary for entry into professions or the more attractive occupations. This may not be the wisest 11 but it is a necessary part of growing up, for everyone must come sooner or later to the 12 of saying“ Really, Ive had enough of being taught; I must do a proper job. “S
11、ome youths, maturing rapidly because of outside influences,come to this decision 13 than they ought. Yet in a way this is not a bad frame of mind to be in 14 leaving school. At work, the young man makes one of the first great acceptances of life-he accepts the 15 of the material or the process he is
12、 working with. The job must be done in accord with some rigid process he cannot 16 . He sees the point of it and in doing so comes to 17 with life. Nothing done in school 18 its will in quite the same way;if it is wet games can be cancelled;if the math master is ill one can 19 with something else. B
13、ut even the boy delivering papers, like the driver taking out his bus, discovers that one cannot 20 because there is snow on the ground, or the foreman is irritable, or he himself is in a bad mood that morning.（分数：0.05）A.thumbB.fingerC.palmD.handA.carriesB.bearsC.wearsD.bringsA.freedomB.desireC.impu
14、lseD.curiosityA.transferredB.transformedC.relaxedD.relievedA.muchB.suchC.soD.asA.ambiguousB.ambitiousC.ridiculousD.conspicuousA.thatB.whichC.whenD.whereA.testifyingB.qualifyingC.justifyingD.rectifyingA.latitudesB.altitudesC.magnitudesD.attitudesA.vergeB.phaseC.pointD.senseA.betterB.soonerC.fasterD.l
15、aterA.byB.atC.forD.onA.whyB.whatC.howD.whetherA.disciplineB.restraintC.principleD.regulationA.reviseB.offendC.alterD.shiftA.dealsB.termsC.touchesD.arraysA.plungeB.impactC.imposeD.reinforceA.go overB.get onC.cut inD.come upA.put it offB.get it overC.pull it upD.make it outA.toB.forC.inD.of二、Section W
16、riting(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1. (1) effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife (2) possible reason for the effect (3) your suggestion for wildlife protection (1) effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife (2) possible reason for the effect (3) your suggestion for wi
17、ldlife protection* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The point of the restorationist critique of preservationism is the claim that it rests on an unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humankind as radically distinct and opposed to each other. Dissatisfaction with dualism has for some t
18、ime figured prominently in the unhappiness of environmentalists with mainstream industrial society. However, the writings of the restorationists themselvesparticularly, William Jordan and Frederick Turneroffer little evidence to support this accusation. In their view, preservationists are filled wit
19、h the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream, the only difference being that the latter ranks humans over nature while the former elevates nature over humans. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see that there is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical basi
20、s for preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and ruthlessness of their attack on preservationists, reinforced by the fact that they offer little, if any, criticism of those who have robbed the natural world. The crucial question, however, about the restorationist outlook has to do with the deg
21、ree to which the restorationist program is itself faithful to the first principle of restoration: that nature and humanity are fundamentally united rather than separate. Rejecting the old domination model, which sees humans as over nature, restoration theory supports a model of community participati
22、on. Yet some of the descriptions that Jordan and Turner give of what restorationists are actually up to-for example , Turners description of humans as “the lords of creation“, or Jordans statement that “the fate and well being of the biosphere depend ultimately on us and our relationship with it“-ar
23、e not consistent well with the community-participation model. Another holistic modelnamely, that of nature as an organismmight be more serviceable to the restorationists. As with the community model, the “organic“ model pictures nature as a system of interconnected parts. A fundamental difference, h
24、owever, is that in an organism the parts are wholly useful to the life of the organism. If we could think of the biosphere as a single living organism and could identify humans with the brain (or the DNA), or control center, we would have a model that more closely fits the restorationists view. Howe
25、ver, to consider humans as the control center of the living earth is to attribute to them a dominating role in nature. Is this significantly different from the old-fashioned domination model? In both systems humans hold the place of highest authority and power in the world. Also neither view recogni
26、zes any limits to the scope and range of reasonable human manipulation in the world. This does not mean that there are no restrictions, only beneficial manipulation should be undertaken. But it does not mean that nothing is off-limits. A further parallel is that, because the fate of the world rests
27、on humans, they must have a clear idea of what needs to be done. There are also important differences between the two theories. For example, restorationists no longer view the world in the old dominationist way as a passive object. And though both assign to humans a controlling role in the world, do
28、minationists conceive this in terms of conquest while restorationists conceive it in terms of healing. Also, restorationists insist that the ideas which must serve to guide our work in the world are drawn not solely from a consideration of human needs and purposes but from an understanding of the bi
29、osphere; as a result, they are more conscious than dominationists of our capacity to human nature. （分数：1.00）(1).The author would probably agree that preservationists（分数：0.20）A.are uncritical of grabbers of natural resources.B.base their ideas on an impractical dualism.C.share a mind-set with the ind
30、ustrial mainstream.D.suffer unfounded accusation by restorationists.(2).Which of the following best expresses the function of the first paragraph in relation to the text as a whole?（分数：0.20）A.To establish the parameters of a following debate about mans role in nature.B.To identify problem areas unde
31、r debate ,which are then explored in detail.C.To discuss secondary issues prior to an argument about a primary issue.D.To provide historical backgrounds for current issues of public concern.(3).The restorationists and dominationists differ in to all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.their conception
32、 of the human role in the world.B.their outlook on the property of the physical world.C.their views on restrictions of mans manipulation of nature.D.their awareness of the disastrous effect of human activities.(4).In asserting that the organic model might be “more serviceable to the restorationists“
33、, the author implies that（分数：0.20）A.Jordans ideas dash with the participation model.B.the organic model goes with the principle of restoration.C.the organic model agrees with the preservationists program.D.holistic models are in conformity with the dualist model.(5).The authors primary criticism of
34、the restorationists is that（分数：0.20）A.they assign humans a controlling role over the natural world.B.they reject the most workable model for human beings.C.their critique of preservationism is not well supported.D.their program does not coincide with their principles.There will be a steady trend tow
35、ard vegetarianism. A given quantity of ground can provide plant food for man or it can provide plant food for animals which are later killed for meat. In converting the tissues of food into the tissues of the feeder, up to 90 per cent is used for reasons other than tissue maintenance and growth. Thi
36、s means that one hundred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of human tissuewhile one hundred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of animal tissue, which will then support one pound of human tissue. In other words, land devoted to plant food will support ten times as many human bei
37、ngs as land devoted to animal food. It is this (far more than food preferences or religious directions ) that forces overcrowded populations into vegetarianism. And it will be the direction in which the United States of 2001 will be movingnot by presidential order, but through the force of a steady
38、rise in meat prices as compared with other kinds of food. This, in turn, will come about because our herds will decrease as the food demand causes more and more meadow to be turned to farmland, and as land producing corn and other animal food is converted to providing food directly for man. Another
39、point is that it is not only energy that is in short supply. A shortage of oil means a shortage of plastics; a shortage of electricity means a shortage of aluminium. We are also experiencing a shortage of paper and most other raw materials. This means that, for one thing, our generosity in wrapping,
40、 bagging and packaging will have to recede. There will have to be at least a partial return in supermarkets to the old days where goods were supplied in bulk and given out in bags to order. It may even become necessary to return bags, as we once returned bottles, or pay for new ones. A decline in pe
41、r-capita energy use will make it necessary to resort to human muscle again, so that the delivery man will make a comeback (his price added to that of the food, of course).Since energy shortages will cause unemployment in many sectors of the economy, there will be idle hands to do the manual work tha
42、t will become necessary. From an energy-saving standpoint, it would make far more sense to order by phone and have a single truck deliver food to many homes, than for a member of each home to drive an automobile, round-trip, to pick up a one-family food supply. To be sure, it will not all be retrogr
43、ession. Even assuming that Earth is in a desperate battle of survival through a crisis of still rising population and dwindling energy reserves, there should still continue to be technological advances in those directions that dont depend on wasteful bulk use of energy. There will be continuing adva
44、nces in the direction of “sophistication“, in other words. （分数：1.00）(1). We know from the text that（分数：0.20）A.vegetarianism is the natural result of peoples food selection.B.present farmland produces more vegetables than animal food.C.vegetarianism is to be caused by the laws of market economy.D.peo
45、ples food preferences conflict with supply and demand.(2).According to the author, deficiency of food inevitably leads to（分数：0.20）A.rapid increase in farmland yields.B.growing diminution of grassland.C.gradual termination of meat supply.D.violent struggle for animal food.(3) The author sees the posi
46、tive effect of energy crisis in its（分数：0.20）A.impulse to wholesale dealings.B.solution of employment problems.C.restriction on fossil fuel extraction.D.impetus to technological progress.(4). The shortage of energy will result in（分数：0.20）A.a steady decrease in the feeding of herds.B.a continual drop
47、in recycling used packages.C.a forced return to an early stage of certain jobs.D.a great reduction in the kinds of motor vehicles.(5). The phrase “will have to recede“ in Par. 6 most probably means（分数：0.20）A.must be restrained considerably.B.must retreat from the present position.C.will have to be e
48、liminated totally.D.should slip away from the stated point.In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with o
49、ne another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product theyre looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,“ says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only w
