1、考研英语 122及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)In economics the value added by a manufacturing firm to its products is the difference between the price of a finished product and the cost of raw materials, parts supplies, fuel, and electrical energy used in the production of that
2、product. When 1 in this manner, the value added by manufacture is a useful index of the manufacturing firms 2 to the national economy. It is a more 3 index, of course, than 4 sales, a figure that is misleading because it tells 5 about production costs and 6 the manufacturing firm is 7 at a profit or
3、 at a loss. In education there is now a spirited 8 as to whether such a concept would not be most 9 for college graduates is evidently 10 in the salaries they can command 11 receipt of a college degree. Engineers, accountants, and computer specialists command 12 salaries upon graduation and by impli
4、cation, there must be an 13 value added to their marketability 14 the education and training they 15 in college. When looked at more closely, 16 ,the missing factor is 17 the difference between learner capabilities 18 to their educational experiences and graduate capabilities after 19 a college degr
5、ee. In brief, how much does the student 20 from the instruction he or she has received? （分数：1.00）(1). In economics the value added by a manufacturing firm to its products is the difference between the price of a finished product and the cost of raw materials, parts supplies, fuel, and electrical ene
6、rgy used in the production of that product. When 1 in this manner, the value added by manufacture is a useful index of the manufacturing firms 2 to the national economy. It is a more 3 index, of course, than 4 sales, a figure that is misleading because it tells 5 about production costs and 6 the man
7、ufacturing firm is 7 at a profit or at a loss. In education there is now a spirited 8 as to whether such a concept would not be most 9 for college graduates is evidently 10 in the salaries they can command 11 receipt of a college degree. Engineers, accountants, and computer specialists command 12 sa
8、laries upon graduation and by implication, there must be an 13 value added to their marketability 14 the education and training they 15 in college. When looked at more closely, 16 ,the missing factor is 17 the difference between learner capabilities 18 to their educational experiences and graduate c
9、apabilities after 19 a college degree. In brief, how much does the student 20 from the instruction he or she has received? （分数：0.05）A.concludedB.computedC.conductedD.countedA.creationB.distributionC.contributionD.donationA.somethingB.anythingC.everythingD.nothingA.thatB.whyC.whetherD.becauseA.operat
10、ingB.managingC.executingD.maintainingA.argumentB.debateC.quarrelD.disturbanceA.delightfulB.distinctiveC.appropriateD.acceptableA.reflectedB.embodiedC.embracedD.indicatedA.overB.uponC.aboutD.beforeA.plentifulB.extensiveC.abundantD.impressiveA.appreciableB.applicableC.essentialD.inherentA.inB.fromC.wi
11、thD.byA.realisticB.specificC.elasticD.economicA.persuedB.awardedC.receivedD.enjoyedA.thereforeB.howeverC.moreoverD.thereafterA.curiouslyB.graciouslyC.dubiouslyD.obviouslyA.superiorB.interiorC.priorD.inferiorA.earningB.grantingC.conferringD.offeringA.attainB.benefitC.rewardD.favorA.retailB.readyC.net
12、D.gross二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1. Study the following graph carefully and write an essay which should cover 1) general situation of crime victims in U. S. 2) the most frequent victims and their implications, and 3) your comment. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
13、(20 points) Study the following graph carefully and write an essay which should cover 1) general situation of crime victims in U. S. 2) the most frequent victims and their implications, and 3) your comment. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) * （分数：1.00）_三、Sect
14、ion Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site s “personal search agent“. Its an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such
15、 as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D. C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,“ says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume t
16、o the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time- consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for R
17、edmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility,“ says one expert. For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept what you think you want to do-then broaden it. “None of these p
18、rograms do that,“ says another expert. “There s no career counseling implicit in all of this.“ Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would n
19、ot rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,“ says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example,
20、it includes only three potential jobs-those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them-and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,“ says Seth Peets, vice preside
21、nt of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who aren t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to ann themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon m
22、aintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,“ he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. （分数：1.00）(1).How did Redmon find his job?（分数：0.20）A.By searching openings in a job database.B.By posting a matching position in a
23、 database.C.By using a special service of a database.D.By E-mailing his resume to a database.(2). Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?（分数：0.20）A.Lack of counselingB.Limited number of visits.C.Lower efficiency.D.Fewer successful matches.(3).The expression “tip service“ ( Lin
24、e 4, Paragraph 3 ) most probably means（分数：0.20）A.advisory.B.compensation.C.interactionD.reminder(4).Why does CareerSite s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?（分数：0.20）A.To focus on better job matches.B.To attract more returning visits.C.To reserve space for more messages.D.To increase
25、 the rate of success.(5).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：0.20）A.Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.B.Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.C.Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.D.Some agents stop sendi
26、ng information to people once they are employed.Of all the components of a good night s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were
27、the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise“the random byproducts of the neural - repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind s emotional thermos
28、tat, regulating moods while the brain is “off - line.“ And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It s your dream,“ says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology
29、 at Chicago s Medical Center. “If you don t like it, change it.“ Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleepwhen most vivid dreams occuras it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all par
30、ts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain“) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,“ says Stanford sleep
31、 researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated
32、 during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don t always think about the emotional significance of the day s eventsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over re
33、curring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the
34、 day, there s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,“ Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares s
35、hould seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep or rather dreamon it and youll feel better in the morning. （分数：1.00）(1).Researchers have come to believe that dreams（分数：0.20）A.can be modified in their courses.B.are susceptible to emo
36、tional changes.C.reflect our innermost desires and fears.D.are a random outcome of neural repairs(2).By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show（分数：0.20）A.its function in our dreams.B.the mechanism of REM sleep.C.the relation of dreams to emotions.D.its difference from the prefront
37、al cortex.(3).The negative feelings generated during the day tend to（分数：0.20）A.aggravate in our unconscious mind.B.develop into happy dreams.C.persist till the time we fall asleep.D.show up in dreams early at night.(4).Cartwright seems to suggest that（分数：0.20）A.waking up in time is essential to the
38、ridding of bad dreams.B.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC.dreams should be left to their natural progression.D.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.(5).What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?（分数：0.20）A.Lead your life as usual.B.Se
39、ek professional help.C.Exercise conscious controlD.Avoid anxiety in the daytimeLate Victorian and modern ideas of culture are always, in some sense, attributed to Matthew Arnold, who, largely through his Culture and Anarchy (1869) , placed the word at the center of debates about the goals of intelle
40、ctual life and humanistic society. Arnold defined culture as “the pursuit of total perfection by means of getting to know, on all matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world“. It was Arnolds hope that, through this knowledge, we can turn “a fresh and free tho
41、ught upon our stock notions and habits“. Although Arnolds thinking about culture helped to define the purposes of the liberal arts curriculum in the century following the publication of Culture, three concrete forms of disagreement with Arnolds views have had considerable impact of their own. The fi
42、rst can be seen as protesting Arnolds fearful destination of “anarchy“ as cultures enemy. This division seems to set up simply one more version of the old struggle between a privileged power structure and radical challenges to its authority. Arnold certainly tried to define the arch-the lawful order
43、 of value-against what he saw as the an-arch existentialist democracy, yet he himself was annoyed in his soul by the blind pride of the reactionary powers in his world. Another form of opposition saw Arnolds culture as an absurd perpetuation of classical and literary learning, outlook, and privilege
44、s in a world where science had become the new arch and from which any really new order of thinking must develop. At the center of the “two cultures“ debate were the goals of the formal curriculum in the educational system, which is always taken to be the principal vehicle through which Arnoldian cul
45、ture operates. However, Arnold himself had viewed culture as enacting its life in a much more broadly conceived set of institutions. Today, however, Arnoldian culture is sustained, if indirectly, by multiculturalism, a movement aimed largely at gaining recognition for voices and visions that Arnoldi
46、an culture has implicitly suppressed. At the level of educational practice, the multiculturalists are interested in lessening the arbitrary authority that “high culture“ exercises over the curriculum while bringing into play the principle that we must learn what is representative, for we have overem
47、phasized what is exceptional. The multiculturalists conflict with Arnoldian culture has clear similarities to the radical critique; yet multiculturalism affirms Arnold by returning us more specifically to a tension inherent in the idea of culture rather than to the culture-anarchy division. The soci
48、al critics, defenders of science, and multiculturalists insist that Arnolds culture is simply a device for ordering us about. Instead, it is designed to register the gathering of ideological clouds on the horizon. There is no utopian motive in Arnolds celebration of perfection. The idea of perfectio
49、n mattered to Arnold as the only background against which we could form a just image of our actual circumstances, just as we can conceive finer sunsets and unheard melodies. This capacity which all humans possess, Arnold made the foundation and authority of culture. （分数：1.00）(1).The text is chiefly aimed at（分数：0.20）A.arguing against the views in opposition to Arnolds ideas.B.describing Arnolds conception of culture
