1、考研英语 11及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This is a challenging and frequently engaging quest 1 its own, but evidence must be turned to 2 . Primary sources that are uncovered 3 many
2、forms that vary 4 the questions asked and the period studied, but written records are 5 historians use more than any other. The historian does not 6 evidence in the manner of courts of law, where questions of admissibility and truth versus falsehood are 7 . The historians use of evidence is much mor
3、e 8 Determining how and with what end 9 mind any piece of evidence came into existence are the first tasks 10 the historian in the internal criticism of historical sources. It is important to know, for instance, who 11 a particular census and with what instructions, or 12 a correspondent was address
4、ing a friend or foe, colleague or opponent. For many years historians divided evidence into the two 13 of primary and secondary sources. The former were considered as any 14 or artifact from the period 15 study, the latter as descriptions or reconstructions based on primary sources. The function of
5、the historian, it was 16 , was to convert primary sources into secondary sources. This 17 misleads. What have been called secondary sources am not historical sources at all, but 18 that reveal the historians point of view. All evidence used by the historian was a primary source at the time it was 19
6、 and it is always partial and incomplete. Therein lies part of the 20 of history. （分数：1.00）(1).Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This is a challenging and frequently engaging quest 1 its own, but evidence must be turned to 2 . Primary sourc
7、es that are uncovered 3 many forms that vary 4 the questions asked and the period studied, but written records are 5 historians use more than any other. The historian does not 6 evidence in the manner of courts of law, where questions of admissibility and truth versus falsehood are 7 . The historian
8、s use of evidence is much more 8 Determining how and with what end 9 mind any piece of evidence came into existence are the first tasks 10 the historian in the internal criticism of historical sources. It is important to know, for instance, who 11 a particular census and with what instructions, or 1
9、2 a correspondent was addressing a friend or foe, colleague or opponent. For many years historians divided evidence into the two 13 of primary and secondary sources. The former were considered as any 14 or artifact from the period 15 study, the latter as descriptions or reconstructions based on prim
10、ary sources. The function of the historian, it was 16 , was to convert primary sources into secondary sources. This 17 misleads. What have been called secondary sources am not historical sources at all, but 18 that reveal the historians point of view. All evidence used by the historian was a primary
11、 source at the time it was 19 and it is always partial and incomplete. Therein lies part of the 20 of history. （分数：0.05）A.forB.onC.byD.inA.accountB.functionC.validityD.referenceA.whichB.whatC.thatD.whoA.assessB.assignC.justifyD.testifyA.prominentB.predominantC.prevalentD.proficientA.smartB.briskC.su
12、btleD.accurateA.ofB.inC.atD.onA.fascinatingB.facilitatingC.frontingD.facingA.forgedB.initiatedC.collectedD.conductedA.whyB.howC.whenD.whetherA.categoriesB.catalogsC.classicsD.criteriaA.fileB.eventC.recordD.documentA.presentB.undertakeC.presumeD.assumeA.duringB.underC.uponD.beforeA.maintainedB.confir
13、medC.emphasizedD.adheredA.diversionB.distributionC.distortionD.distinctionA.interventionsB.interpretationsC.presentationsD.comprehensionsA.exposedB.uncoveredC.generatedD.createdA.fascinationB.contradictionC.imperfectionD.implicationA.intoB.fromC.withD.about二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1. 1) descr
14、ibe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and 2) point out its implications in our life. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and 2) point out its implications in our life. You should write about 200 word
15、s neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is
16、regarded as“ all too human“, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all to
17、o monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods
18、and services“ than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However,
19、 when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was han
20、ded a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the
21、slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, gro
22、up-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous ndignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.
23、However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. （分数：1.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by（分数：0.20）A.pos
24、ing a contrast.B.justifying an assumption.C.making a comparison.D.explaining a phenomenon.(2).The statement “it is all too monkey“ (Last line, Paragraph 1 ) implies that（分数：0.20）A.monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B.resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature.C.monkeys, like humans, tend to
25、be jealous of each other.D.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.(3).Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are（分数：0.20）A.more inclined to weigh what they get.B.attentive to researchers instructions.C.nice in both appearance and temperament.
26、D.more generous than their male companions.(4). Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys（分数：0.20）A.prefer grapes to cucumbers.B.can be taught to exchange things.C.will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D.are unhappy when separated from others.(5).What ca
27、n we infer from the last paragraph?（分数：0.20）A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Much of the language used to desc
28、ribe monetary policy, such as“ steering the economy to a soft landing“ or“ a touch on the brakes“, makes it sound Like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have
29、any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel. Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation
30、 in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters
31、had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half
32、a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan, over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the
33、United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas ,have little productive slack. Americas capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natu
34、ral rate of unemploymentthe rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that wer
35、e based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. （分数：1.00）(1). From the passage we learn that _ .（分数：0.25）A.there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest ratesB.economy will always follow certain modelsC.the economic situation is better than expectedD.economists had f
36、oreseen the present economic situation(2).According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?（分数：0.25）A.Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.B.An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.C.A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.D.Interest rates have an
37、immediate effect on the economy.(3). The sentence“ This is no flash in the pan“ ( Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that _.（分数：0.25）A.the low inflation rate will last for some timeB.the inflation rate will soon riseC.the inflation will disappear quicklyD.there is no inflation at present(4). The passage sho
38、ws that the author is _ the present situation.（分数：0.25）A.critical ofB.puzzled byC.disappointed atD.amazed atIn spite of rising concern in the Northeast and Canada, Administration spokesmen have repeatedly insisted that nothing could really be done about acid rain and the industry-produced sulfur emi
39、ssions until all the scientific facts were in. Suddenly last week, however, facts came raining down, in effect making further scientific debate on what mainly causes the problem all but irrelevant. What brought about the downpour was a study commissioned by Presidential Science Adviser. The spokesme
40、n plainly called for remedial action even if some technical questions about acid rain were still unanswered. “If we take the conservative point of view that we must wait until the scientific knowledge is definitive,“ said the spokesman, “the accumulated deposition and damaged environment may reach t
41、he point of irreversibility.“ When it rains, it pours. Next came a study from the National Research Council. Its definitive conclusion: reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal-burning power plants and factories, such as these in the Midwest, would in fact significantly reduce the acidity in r
42、ain, snow and other precipitation(降水) that is widely believed to be worsening the life from fresh-water lakes and forests in the Northeast and Canada. The spokesman did not recommend any specific action. A pair of remedial measures are already taken before Congress. A Senate committee recently appro
43、ved a bill that would require reduction over the next decade of sulfur-dioxide emissions by 10 million tons in the States bordering on the east of the Mississippi. A tougher measure was introduced in the House ordering the 50 largest sulfur polluters in the U. S. to cut emissions substantially. To e
44、ase the Eastern coal mining industry, which fears a switch to low-sulfur Western coal, the bill requires the installation of expensive “scrubbers“, devices for removing sulfur from the smoke, rather than an order that forbids high-sulfur fuel. Still, the legislation is being vigorously opposed by th
45、e coal industry and utilities, especially in the Mid-west, where heavy industries are battling to survive. In a survey also released last week, the Edison Electric Institute , an industry group, gravely predicted that electricity rates could rise as much as 50% if the emission-control legislation pa
46、ssed. Government studies dispute these figures, but Congress has been suspended on acid-rain measures. Now, as a result of the academy study, supporters of the bills are more optimistic. Nevertheless, a major political battle is shaping up. （分数：1.00）(1).The first paragraph shows that（分数：0.20）A.the A
47、dministration has ignored the public anxiety about acid rain.B.the industrial sulfur emissions need further scientific verificationC.the spokesmen have denied the presence of proofs of acid rain.D.scientific evidence has made the cause of acid rain undebatable.(2). The word “downpour“ in the second
48、paragraph most likely refers to（分数：0.20）A.a heavy fall of acid rain.B.a sudden thunderstorm.C.a series of criticism.D.a succession of evidence.(3).This article most probably appeared in（分数：0.20）A.a government document.B.a news magazine.C.a scientific research paper.D.a textbook of environmental scie
49、nce.(4). The two studies mentioned in the text clearly stated that（分数：0.20）A.there is no time to lose in pollution control.B.the scientific explanation of acid rain remains unclear.C.environmental restoration defies scientific endeavors.D.factories should be banned from burning coal.(5).From the description of the efforts in the House, we can see that（分数：0.20）A.the members of the House really speak for the general public.B.the
