1、考研英语-试卷 8及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Televisionthe most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid chan
2、ge and growthis moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary (1)_ and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the (2)_ of television and computer technologies. The word “television“, derived from its Greek (tele: dis
3、tant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can (3)_ be interpreted as sight from distance. Very simply (4)_, it works in this (5)_: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of (6)_ an image (focused on a special photo-conductive plate within a camera) into electr
4、onic impulses, which can be sent through a wire of cable. These impulses, when fed into a (7)_ (television set), can then be electronically (8)_ into that same image. Television is (9)_ just an electronic system, (10)_. It is a means of expression, as well as a (11)_ for communication, and as such b
5、ecomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings. The field of television can be divided into two (12)_ determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television (13)_. Second, there is non-bro
6、adcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or (14)_ interest groups through controlled transmission techniques. Traditionally, television has been a (15)_ of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television (16)_ it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a for
7、m similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks. ABC, NBC and CBS, who have been the (17)_ purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of (18)_ have actually shaped not only television but our perception of
8、it as well. We have come to (19)_ the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this (20)_ medium as the passive viewer.（分数：40.00）A.sophisticationB.deformityC.manoeuvreD.elaborationA.uniformityB.comparisonC.differentiationD.marriageA.nominallyB.literallyC.hardlyD.theoreticallyA.
9、putB.talkedC.saidD.spokenA.methodB.styleC.wayD.channelA.convertB.convertingC.switchD.switchingA.machineB.containerC.terminationD.receiverA.reshapedB.reviewedC.reconstitutedD.recognizedA.no more thanB.more thanC.no other thanD.rather thanA.thereforeB.moreoverC.howeverD.henceforthA.vehicleB.facilityC.
10、instrumentD.sourceA.fieldsB.scopesC.categoriesD.rangesA.symbolsB.signsC.sightsD.signalsA.famousB.exceptionalC.publicD.specificA.datumB.mediumC.agentD.outletA.becauseB.whenC.thoughD.ifA.minorB.superiorC.majorD.inferiorA.mediaB.videoC.broadcastingD.communicationA.useB.regardC.acceptD.developA.stagnant
11、B.staticC.dynamicD.energetic二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._People in business can use foresight to identify new products and services, as well
12、as markets for those products and services. An increase in minority populations in a neighborhood would prompt a grocer with foresight to stock more foods linked to ethnic tastes. An art museum director with foresight might follow trends in computer graphics to make exhibits more appealing to younge
13、r visitors. Foresight may reveal potential threats that we can prepare to deal with before they become crises. For instance, a corporate manager with foresight might see an alarming rise in local housing prices that could affect the availability of skilled workers in the region. The public“s changin
14、g values and priorities, as well as emerging technologies, demographic shifts, economic constraints (or opportunities), and environmental and resource concerns are all parts of the increasingly complex world system in which leaders must lead. People in government also need foresight to keep systems
15、running smoothly, to plan budgets, and to prevent wars. Government leaders today must deal with a host of new problems emerging from rapid advances in technology. Even at the community level, foresight is critical: school officials, for example, need foresight to assess numbers of students to accomm
16、odate, numbers of teachers to hire, new educational technologies to deploy, and new skills for students (and their teachers) to develop. Many of the best-known techniques for foresight were developed by government planners, especially in the military, when the post-World War atomic age made it criti
17、cal to “think about the unthinkable“ and prepare for it. Pioneering futurists at the: RAND Corporation (the first “think tank“) began seriously considering what new technologies might emerge in the future and how these might affect U.S. security. These pioneering futurists at RAND, along with others
18、 elsewhere, refined a variety of new ways for thinking about the future. The futurists recognized that the future world is continuous with the present world, so we can learn a great deal about what may happen in the future by looking systematically at what is happening now. The key thing to watch is
19、 not events (sudden developments or one-day occurrences) but trends (long-term ongoing shifts in such things as population, land use, technology, and governmental systems). Using these techniques and many others, futurists now can tell us many things that may happen in the future. Some are nearly ce
20、rtain to happen, such as the continuing expansion in the world“s population. Other events are viewed as far less likely, but could be extremely important if they do occur, such as an asteroid colliding with the planet.（分数：10.00）(1).Correctly exercising foresight is shown in the case of（分数：2.00）A.new
21、 products and services.B.an increase in minority populations.C.stocking more foods with ethnic tastes.D.the art museum director.(2).Which of the following may be regarded as potential crises?（分数：2.00）A.An alarming rise in local housing prices.B.The availability of skilled workers in the region.C.The
22、 lack of skilled workers in the region.D.The public“s changing values and priorities.(3).All the following are cited as examples of the importance of exercising foresight EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.government administrators.B.school officials.C.school students and teachers.D.government planners.(4).According
23、to the text, the most important thing for the futurists to grasp is（分数：2.00）A.the future world.B.the present world.C.what is happening now.D.the world trends.(5).The best title for the passage may be（分数：2.00）A.The Use of Foresight.B.How to Exercise Foresight.C.Foresight in Business and Government.D.
24、The Best-known Techniques for Foresight.If sustainable competitive advantage depends on workforce skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an ind
25、ividual responsibility. Labour is simply another factor of production to be rented at the lowest possible cost much as one buys raw materials or equipment. The lack of importance attached to human resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial off
26、icer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). B
27、y way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central, usually the second most important, after the CEO, in the firm“s hierarchy. While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employe
28、es than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also much more narrowly focused on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies. As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much
29、 longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retrain
30、ing generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can“t effectively staff
31、the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following can best describe the management of human resources in American companies?（分数：2.00）A.Human-resource management is not considered principal to
32、the survival of American companies.B.Human-resource management is next to financial management.C.Gaining of skills is seen as the firms responsibility.D.Human-resource manager only hired skilled workers.(2).What“s the position of the head of human resources management in American companies?（分数：2.00）
33、A.He is one of the most influential executives in the firm.B.His post is likely to rise when new technologies are introduced.C.He is directly under the chief executive.D.He has no right in marking important decisions in the firm.(3).Most American firms put their money mainly in（分数：2.00）A.the establi
34、shment of new branches in foreign countries.B.the training of basic skills of their workforces.C.the research and development of new products.D.the financial and administrative fields.(4).According to the text, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm“s competitive advantage is（分数：2.00）A.the introd
35、uction of new technologies.B.the improvement of workers“ basic skills.C.the composition of professional and managerial employees.D.the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees.(5).What“s the main idea of the text?（分数：2.00）A.American firms are putting less emphasis on human-resour
36、ce management.B.Extensive retraining is vital to effective human-resource management.C.The head of human-resource management shouldn“t be in the central position in a firm“s hierarchy.D.The human-resource management strategies of American firms will affect their competitive capacity.Eating better an
37、d more adventurously is becoming an obsession, especially among people with money to spend. Healthier eating and not-so healthy eatingas well as the number and variety of food choices and venues continue to increase at an ever-quickening pace. Globalization is the master trend that will drive the wo
38、rld of food in the years a head. Consumers traveling the globe, both virtually and in reality, will be able to sweep up ingredients, packaged foods, recipes, and cooking techniques from every corner of the earth at an ever-intensifying and accelerating pace. Formerly remote ingredients and cooking s
39、tyles are creating a whole new culinary mosaic as they are transplanted and reinterpreted all over the world. Many factors are behind this, but none more so than the influence of the great international hotel chains. Virtually every chef who has worked for Hilton, Westin, Peninsula, or any other maj
40、or chain gathers global experience in locales as diverse as Singapore, New Orleans, Toronto, and Dubai. At each stop, they carry away cooking ideas and techniques they can and do use elsewhere. This trend will gain even greater momentum as ambitious young adults stake their own futures on internatio
41、nalization, treating broader food savvy as an important aspect of their own advancement. Young people will need knowledge of food and ingredients from different continents and cultures as one aspect of socialization, enculturation, cultural exchange, and success. In country after country, there seem
42、s little doubt that global cuisine will make its biggest inroads among the younger set. Many in the generations now coming of age will treat world-ranging food knowledge and experience as key elements in furthering their personal plans, business acumen, and individual growth. The Internet has made g
43、lobal contacts a matter of routine. Computer networking will permit chefs and others in the food industry, including consumers, to link directly with the best available authorities in faraway nations, supplementing or bypassing secondhand sources of information altogether. Time, with all its implica
44、tions, will also be a factor in emerging world food trends. More and more of us are destined to operate on global timethat is, at full tilt 24 hours a day. This will become the norm for companies with resources scattered all over the planet. Beyond the 24 hour supermarkets many of us already take fo
45、r granted, there will also be three-shift shopping centers open at any hour. Restaurants in the great business capitals intent on cultivating an international clientele will serve midnight breakfasts or break-of-dawn dinners (with the appropriate wines) without raising a single eyebrow.（分数：10.00）(1)
46、.From the first two paragraphs we can learn that the trend of food obsession is（分数：2.00）A.adventurous.B.more and more popular in the world.C.a global phenomenon.D.sweeping up every corner of the earth.(2).According to the passage, the trend of new culinary mosaic is most accelerated by（分数：2.00）A.glo
47、balization.B.remote ingredients and cooking styles.C.great international hotel chains.D.chefs of various nationalities.(3).The phrase “global cuisine“(Paragraph 4) probably means（分数：2.00）A.a world of young people.B.a world style of cooking.C.a specific food popular in the world.D.world foods in gene
48、ral.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that（分数：2.00）A.computer networking will be helpful in the food industry.B.24-hour supermarkets are not very common.C.few shopping centers are three-shift open at any hour.D.24-hour restaurants are not in practice in the great business capitals.(5).The best title for the passage may be（分数：2.00）A.Eating Better and More Adventurously.B.Food Globalization.C.The Trend of Dining.D.A Kitchen Revolution.The telecity is a city whose life, direction, and functioning are largely shaped by telecommunications.
