1、考研英语-试卷 208及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_The cellphone, a device we have lived with for more than a decade, offers a good examp
2、le of a popular technology“s unforeseen side effects. More than one billion are (1)_ use around the world, and when asked, their (2)_ say they love their phones for the safety and convenience (3)_ provide. People also report that they are (4)_ in their use of their phones. One opinion survey (5)_ th
3、at “98 percent of Americans say they move away from (6)_ when talking on a wireless phone in public“ (7)_ “86 percent say they “never“ or “rarely“ speak (8)_ wireless phones“ when conducting (9)_ with clerks or bank tellers. Clearly, there exists a (10)_ between our reported cellphone behavior and o
4、ur actual behavior. Cellphone users that is to say, most of us are (11)_ instigators and victims of this form of conversational panhandling, and it (12)_ a cumulatively negative effect on social space. As the sociologist Erving Guttmann observed in another (13)_, there is something deeply disturbing
5、 about people who are“ (14)_ contact“ in social situations because they are blatantly refusing to (15)_ to the norms of their immediate environment. Placing a cellphone call in public instantly transforms the strangers around you (16)_ unwilling listeners who must cede to your use of the public (17)
6、_. a decidedly undemocratic effect for so democratic a technology. Listeners don“t always passively (18)_ this situation: in recent years, people have been pepper-sprayed in movie theaters, (19)_ from concert halls and deliberately rammed with cars as a result of (20)_ behavior on their cellphones.（
7、分数：40.00）A.ofB.forC.inD.byA.mastersB.ownersC.holdersD.inventorsA.theyB.whoC.thatD.whichA.carefulB.carelessC.courteousD.cautiousA.expressedB.exposedC.discoveredD.foundA.otherB.othersC.the otherD.anotherA.and thatB.as forC.whereasD.on the contraryA.onB.byC.viaD.fromA.actsB.actionsC.operationsD.transac
8、tionsA.limitB.gulfC.riverD.boundaryA.eitherB.neitherC.bothD.allA.hasB.hadC.has hadD.had hadA.placeB.locationC.spotD.contextA.inB.out ofC.onD.withA.insistB.adhereC.continueD.attachA.andB.inC.intoD.fromA.spaceB.phoneC.serviceD.facilityA.haveB.findC.receiveD.acceptA.refusedB.ejectedC.rejectedD.repelled
9、A.goodB.poorC.politeD.rude二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Someone has calculated that by the time an American reaches the age of 40, he or she h
10、as been exposed to one million ads. Another estimate is that we have encountered more than 600,000 ads by the time we reach the age of only 18. Now, of course, we don“t remember what exactly they said or even what the product was, but a composite message gets through: that you deserve the best, that
11、 you should have it now, and that it“s okay to indulge yourself, because you deserve the compliments, sex appeal, or adventure you are going to get as a result of buying this car or those cigarettes. Our consumer-based economy makes two absolutely reciprocal psychological demands on its members. On
12、the one hand, you need the “discipline“ values to ensure that people will be good workers and lead orderly, law-abiding lives. On the other hand, you need the “enjoy yourself“ messages to get people to be good consumers. One author was disturbed about the “enjoy yourself“ side, but acknowledged that
13、 “without a means of stimulating mass consumption, the very structure of our business enterprise would collapse.“ The interesting question has to do with the psychological consequences of the discrepancy between the dual messages. The “discipline“ or “traditional values“ theme demands that one compa
14、rtment of the personality have a will strong enough to keep the individual doing unpleasant work at low wages, or to stay in an unhappy marriage, and, in general, to do things for the good of the commonwealth. The “enjoy yourself“ message, on the other hand, tends to encourage a very different kind
15、of personality-one that is self-centered, based on impulse, and is unwilling to delay rewards. As an illustration, I can“t resist reciting one of my favorite ads of all time, an ad from a psychology magazine: “I love me. I“m just a good friend to myself. And I like to do what makes me feel good. I u
16、sed to sit around, putting things off till tomorrow. Tomorrow I“ll drink champagne, and buy a set of pearls, and pick up that new stereo. But now I live my dreams today, not tomorrow.“ So what happens to us as we take in these opposing messages, as we are, in fact, torn between the opposite personal
17、ity types that our society seems to require of us? Tile result is anxiety, fear, and a mysterious dread. The fear of being sucked in and dragged down by our consumer culture is real: the credit card company is not friendly when you default on your bills. And we all know that the path of pleasure-see
18、king and blind acquisition is a recipe for financial ruin-for most of us, anyway-and that, in American society, there isn“t much of a safety net to catch you if you fall.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first paragraph we know that ads in America are very_.（分数：2.00）A.pervasiveB.successfulC.convincingD.impress
19、ive(2).According to the passage, the “discipline“ values and the “enjoy yourself“ are_.（分数：2.00）A.contradictory needs from the consumersB.mutually corresponding psychological demands on the consumersC.for good workers who lead orderly, law-abiding livesD.messages to get people to be good consumers(3
20、).According to the “discipline“ or “traditional values“ theme_.（分数：2.00）A.there are dual messages for the psychological consequencesB.one should sacrifice himself for the interest of the commonwealthC.people would stay in an unhappy marriageD.the individual is glad to do unpleasant work at low wages
21、(4).Which of the following is NOT true with the “enjoy yourself“ message?（分数：2.00）A.It is a different kind of personality from others.B.It is one that is self-centered.C.I like to do what makes me feel good.D.I live my dreams today, not tomorrow.(5).From the last paragraph we may infer that_.（分数：2.0
22、0）A.there is a fear of being sucked in and dragged down by our consumer cultureB.pleasure-seeking and blind acquisition is popular in our societyC.one should not default on one“s billsD.American society is not as secure as people assumeThe 1920s was the decade of advertising. The advertising men wen
23、t wild: everything from salt to household coal was being nationally advertised. Of course, ads had been around for a long time. But something new was happening, in terms of both scale and strategy. For the first time, business began to use advertising as a psychological weapon against consumers. Wit
24、hout their product, the consumer would be left unmarried, fall victim to a terrible disease, or be passed over for a promotion. N/Is developed an association between the product and one“s very identity. Eventually they came to promise everything and anything-from self-esteem to status, friendship, a
25、nd love. This psychological approach was a response to the economic dilemma business faced. Americans in the middle classes and above (to whom virtually all advertising was targeted) were no longer buying to satisfy basic needs-such as food, clothing and shelter. These had been met. Advertisers had
26、to persuade consumers to acquire things they most certainly did not need. In other words, production would have to “create the wants it sought to satisfy“. This is exactly what manufacturers tried to do. The normally conservative telephone company attempted to transform the plain telephone into a lu
27、xury, urging families to buy “all the telephones that they can conveniently use, rather than the smallest amount they can get along with“. One ad campaign targeted fifteen phones as the style for a wealthy home. Business clearly understood the nature of the problem. According to one historian: “Busi
28、ness had learned as never before the importance of the final consumer. Unless he or she could be persuaded to buy, and buy extravagantly, the whole stream of new cars, cigarettes, women“s make-up, and electric refrigerators would be dammed up at its outlets.“ But would the consumer be equal to her/h
29、is task as the foundation of private enterprise? A top executive of one American car manufacturer stated the matter bluntly: business needs to create a dissatisfied consumer; its mission is “the organized creation of dissatisfaction“. This executive led the way by introducing annual model changes fo
30、r his company“s cars, designed to make the consumer unhappy with what he or she already had. Other companies followed his lead. Economic success now depended on the promotion of qualities like waste and self-indulgence. The campaign to create new and unlimited wants did not go unchallenged. Trade un
31、ions and those working for social reform understood the long-term consequences of materialism for most Americans: it would keep them locked in capitalism“s trap. The consumption of luxuries required long hours at work. Business was explicit in its resistance to increases in free time, preferring con
32、sumption as the alternative to taking economic progress in the form of leisure. In effect, business offered up the cycle of work-and-spend.（分数：10.00）(1).The 1920s“ advertising men went wild_.（分数：2.00）A.about salt and household coalB.over their ads scale and strategyC.about a psychological weaponD.to
33、 develop an association between the product and the consumer(2).A typical example of “create the wants it sought to satisfy“ is_.（分数：2.00）A.acquiring things they most certainly did not needB.transforming the plain telephone into a luxuryC.fifteen phones as the style for a wealthy homeD.buying all th
34、e telephones that they can conveniently use(3).The importance of the final consumer lies in_.（分数：2.00）A.the potential buying powerB.the nature of the problemC.changing the products into capitalD.the demands for various merchandises(4).Business needs to create a dissatisfied consumer because it_.（分数：
35、2.00）A.promotes competitionB.helps improve productionC.puts higher standard on the manufacturerD.pushes forward product renovation(5).According to the passage, the term “materialism“ refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.a theory that physical matter is the only realityB.a doctrine that the only values lie in mater
36、ial well-beingC.a doctrine that economic or social change is materially causedD.a focus on material rather than intellectual or spiritual thingsYou may fall prey to a nonviolent but frightening and fast-growing crime: identity theft. It happens to at least 500,000 new victims each year, according to
37、 government figures. And it happens very easily because every identification number you have Social Security, credit card, driver“s license, telephone “is a key that unlocks some storage of money or goods,“ says a fraud program manager of the US Postal Service. “So if you throw away your credit card
38、 receipt and I get it and use the number on it, I“m not becoming you, but to the credit card company I“ve become your account.“ One major problem, experts say, is that the Social Security Number (SSN)originally meant only for retirement benefit and tax purposeshas become the universal way to identif
39、y people. It is used as identification by the military, colleges and in billions of commercial transactions. Yet a shrewd thief can easily snatch your SSN, not only by stealing your wallet, but also by taking mail from your box, going through your trash for discarded receipts and bills or asking for
40、 it over the phone on some pretext. Using your SSN, the thief applies for a credit card in your name, asking that it be sent to a different address than yours, and uses it for multiple purchases. A couple of months later the credit card company, or its debt collection agency, presses you for payment
41、. You don“t have to pay the debt, but you must clean up your damaged credit record. That means getting a police report and copy of the erroneous contract, and then using them to clear the fraud from your credit report, which is held by a credit bureau. Each step can require a huge amount of effort.
42、In the Collins“ case, the clearance of the erroneous charges from their record required three years of poring over records and $6,000 in solicitor“s fees. In the meantime, they were denied a loan to build a vacation home, forced to pay cash for a new heating and cooling system, hounded by debt colle
43、ctors, and embarrassed by the spectacle of having their home watched by investigators looking for the missing car. Of course, thousands of people are caught and prosecuted for identity theft. But it was only last year that Congress made identity theft itself a federal crime. That law set up a specia
44、l government office to help victims regain their lost credit and to streamline police efforts by tracking cases on a national scale. Consumer advocates say this may help but will not address the basic problems, which, they believe, are causing the outbreak in identity theft: industry“s rush to attra
45、ct more customers by issuing instant credit, inadequate checking of identity, and too few legal protections for consumers personal information.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following may least make you fall prey to a nonviolent crime?（分数：2.00）A.Your Social Security Number.B.Your credit card receipt.C.Y
46、our driver“s license.D.Your telephone.(2).The most commonly used trick for a shrewd thief is_.（分数：2.00）A.peeping into commercial transactionsB.seizing your SSNC.taking mail from your boxD.asking you over the phone(3).If the thief applies for a credit card in your name, you _.（分数：2.00）A.shouldn“t bot
47、her it at allB.had better pay for your carelessnessC.should get a report from the policeD.have to spend much effort to tackle it(4).The Collins“ case impress that_.（分数：2.00）A.the clearance of the erroneous charges is not easyB.they could not apply a loan to build a vacation homeC.they have to pay ca
48、sh for almost everythingD.it is embarrassed to clean up the damaged credit record(5).The best title for the passage may be_.（分数：2.00）A.Stolen Identity: A New EpidemicB.Guard against Identity TheftC.How to Keep Your Identity SafeD.Be Cautious of Using Your SSNBy the mid-sixties, blue jeans were an essential part of the wardrobe of those with a commitment to social struggle. In the American Deep South, black farmers and grandchildren of slaves still segregated from whites, continued
