1、考研英语-试卷 201 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Many professions are associated with a particular stereotype. The classic (1)_ of a w
2、riter, for example, is (2)_ a slightly crazy-looking person, (3)_ in an attic, writing away furiously for days (4)_ end. Naturally, he has his favorite pen and note-paper, or a beat-up typewriter, (5)_ which he could not produce a readable word. Nowadays, we know that such images bear little (6)_ to
3、 reality. But are they completely (7)_? In the case of at least one writer, it would seem not. Dame Muriel Spark, who (8)_ 80 in February, in many ways resembles this stereotypical “writer“. She is certainly not (9)_, and she doesn“t work in an attic. But she is rather particular (10)_ the tools of
4、her trade. She insists on writing with a (11)_ type of pen in a certain type of notebook, which she buys from a certain stationer in Edinburgh called James Thin. In fact, so (12)_ is she that, if someone uses one of her pens by (13)_, she immediately throws it away. And she claims she (14)_ enormous
5、 difficulty writing in any notebook other than (15)_ sold by James Thin. This could soon be a (16)_, as the shop no longer stocks them, (17)_ Dame Muriel“s supply of 72-page spiral bound is nearly (18)_. As well as her “obsession“ about writing materials, Muriel Spark (19)_ one other characteristic
6、with the stereotypical “writer“: her work is the most (20)_ thing in her life. It has stopped her from marrying; cost her old friends and made her new ones, and driven her from London to New York to Rome. Today she lives in the Italian province of Tuscany with a friend.（分数：40.00）A.drawingB.imageC.de
7、scriptionD.illustrationA.ofB.aboutC.forD.likeA.locksB.lockC.lockedD.lockingA.toB.onC.forD.atA.exceptB.besidesC.withD.withoutA.witnessB.testimonyC.relationshipD.resemblanceA.falseB.stupidC.trueD.faithfulA.agedB.grewC.turnedD.enteredA.enthusiasticB.emotionalC.furiousD.crazyA.withB.aboutC.toD.ofA.certa
8、inB.typicalC.strangeD.peculiarA.incredibleB.susceptibleC.superstitiousD.suspiciousA.mistakeB.errorC.accidenceD.chanceA.hasB.has hadC.will haveD.would haveA.thoseB.theseC.themD.theyA.defectB.problemC.meritD.virtueA.soB.thereforeC.andD.thusA.completedB.finishedC.stoppedD.haltedA.possessB.haveC.holdD.s
9、hareA.importantB.urgentC.interestingD.pleasant二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Car makers have long used sex to sell their products. Recently, ho
10、wever, both BMW and Renault have based their latest European marketing campaigns around the icon of modern biology. BMW“s campaign, which launches its new 3-series sports saloon in Britain and Ireland, shows the new creation and four of its earlier versions zigzagging around a landscape made up of g
11、iant DNA sequences, with a brief explanation that DNA is the molecule responsible for the inheritance of such features as strength, power and intelligence. The Renault offering, which promotes its existing Laguna model, employs evolutionary theory even more explicitly. The company“s television comme
12、rcials intersperse clips of the car with scenes from a lecture by Steve Jones, a professor of genetics at University of London. BMW“s campaign is intended to convey the idea of development allied to heritage. The latest product, in other words, should be viewed as the new and improved scion of a lon
13、g line of good cars. Renault“s message is more subtle. It is that evolution works by gradual improvements rather than sudden leaps (in this, Renault is aligning itself with biological orthodoxy). So, although the new car in the advertisement may look like the old one, the external form conceals a nu
14、mber of significant changes to the engine. While these alterations are almost invisible to the average driver, Renault hopes they will improve the car“s performance, and ultimately its survival in the marketplace. Whether they actually do so will depend, in part, on whether marketers have read the p
15、ublic mood correctly. For, even if genetics really does offer a useful metaphor for automobiles, employing it in advertising is not without its dangers. That is because DNA“s public image is ambiguous. In one context, people may see it as the cornerstone of modern medical progress. In another, it wi
16、ll bring to mind such controversial issues as abortion, genetically modified foodstuffs, and the sinister subject of eugenics. Car makers are probably standing on safer ground than biologists. But even they call make mistakes. Though it would not be obvious to the casual observer, some of the DNA wh
17、ich features in BMW“s ads for its nice, new car once belonged to a woolly mammotha beast that has been extinct for 10,000 years. Not, presumably, quite the message that the marketing department was trying to convey.（分数：10.00）(1).The campaign staged by both BMW and Renault are to market（分数：2.00）A.car
18、s based on the old ones.B.cars modeled on DNA technology.C.cars produced with most advanced technology.D.cars face-lifted only but little genuinely changed.(2).The difference between BMW“s and Renault“s campaign is that（分数：2.00）A.BMW“s emphasizes technological revolution more explicitly.B.Renault“s
19、proves to be more successful.C.Renault“s provides more delicate messages than BMW“s.D.BMW“s employs the metaphor of DNA while Renault“s doesn“t.(3).It can be inferred that biological orthodoxy favors（分数：2.00）A.no change.B.step-by-step change.C.all-of-a-sudden change.D.radical change.(4).According to
20、 the author, the success of the campaigns may depend on（分数：2.00）A.perceived product quality.B.public perceptions of DNA.C.efforts made by the organizers.D.explicitness in explaining DNA to buyers.(5).The author thinks that unfortunately BMW“s campaign has conveyed the idea of（分数：2.00）A.poverty,B.ext
21、inction.C.revolution.D.evolution.We know today that the traditions of tribal art are more complex and less “primitive“ than its discoverers believed; we have even seen that the imitation of nature is by no means excluded from its aims. But the style of these ritualistic objects could still serve as
22、a common focus for that search for expressiveness, structure, and simplicity that the new movements had inherited from the experiments of the three lonely rebels: Van Gogh, Cezanne, and Gauguin. The experiments of Expressionism are, perhaps, the easiest to explain in words. The term itself may not b
23、e happily chosen, for we know that we are all expressing ourselves in everything we do or leave undone, but the word became a convenient label because of its easily remembered contrast to Impressionism, and as a label it is quite useful. In one of his letters, Van Gogh had explained how he set about
24、 painting the portrait of a friend who was very dear to him, The conventional likeness was only the first stage. Having painted a “correct“ portrait, he proceeded to change the colors and the setting. Van Gogh was right in saying that the method he had chosen could be compared to that of the cartoon
25、ist. Cartoon had always been “expressionist“, for the cartoonist plays with the likeness of his victim, and distorts it to express just what he feels about his fellow man. As long as these distortions of nature sailed under the flag of humor nobody seemed to find them difficult to understand. Humoro
26、us art was a field in which everything was permitted, because people did not approach it with prejudices. Yet there is nothing inconsistent about it. It is true that our feelings about things do color the way in which we see them and, even more, the forms which we remember. Everyone must have experi
27、enced how different the same place may look when we are happy and when we are sad. What upset the public about the Expressionist art was, perhaps, not so much the fact that nature had been distorted as that the result led away from beauty. For the Expressionists felt so strongly about human sufferin
28、g, poverty, violence and passion, that they were inclined to think that the insistence on harmony and beauty were only born out of a refusal to be honest. The art of the classical masters, of a Raphael or Correggio, seemed to them insincere and hypocritical. They wanted to face the bare facts of our
29、 existence, and to express their compassion fur the disinherited and the ugly.（分数：10.00）(1).Expressionism is a(n)（分数：2.00）A.artistic style expressing the artist“s inner experiences objectively.B.marked trend characteristic of insisting on harmony and beauty.C.new movement based on expressive style.D
30、.fundamental revolution in arts.(2).The Van Gogh“s letter (Para. 2) was mentioned to（分数：2.00）A.afford evidence of the origin of Expressionism.B.solve the mystery of Van Gogh“s drawings.C.show the difference between Van Gogh and a cartoonist.D.exhibit the unique feature of the Expressionists“ art.(3)
31、.Which one of the following is the Expressionist position concerning harmony and beauty in art?（分数：2.00）A.It emerged from conformity and fear of change.B.It is a misconception of social life.C.It originated from untruthfulness.D.It is essential that no such thing as true beauty exists.(4).In the aut
32、hor“s opinion, the art of Raphael and Correggio（分数：2.00）A.makes the public suspect their true motives.B.displayed too much of the dark side of the human society.C.was characteristic of an insistence on harmony and beauty.D.reflected the objective world insincerely.(5).It can be inferred from the pas
33、sage that the Expressionists were（分数：2.00）A.lonely people frequently feeling unhappy at being alone.B.motivated by a desire to change for the sake of changing.C.not immediately acknowledged by the masses.D.appreciative of the effect of cartoons on their work.Research is commonly divided into “applie
34、d“ and “pure“. This classification is arbitrary and loose, but what is usually meant is that applied research is a deliberate investigation of a problem of practical importance, in contradistinction to pure research done to gain knowledge for its own sake. The pure scientist may be said to accept as
35、 an act of faith that any scientific knowledge is worth pursuing for its own sake, and, if pressed, he usually claims that in most instances it is eventually found to be useful. Most of the greatest discoveries, such as the discovery of electricity, X-rays, radium and atomic energy, originated from
36、pure research, which allows the worker to follow unexpected, interesting clues without the intention of achieving results of practical value. In applied research it is the project which is given support, whereas in pure research it is the man. However, often the distinction between pure and applied
37、research is a superficial one as it may merely depend on whether or not the subject investigated is one of practical importance, For example, the investigation of the life cycle of a protozoon in a pond is pure research, but if the protozoon studied is a parasite of man or domestic animal the resear
38、ch would be termed applied. A more fundamental differentiation, which corresponds only very roughly with the applied and pure classification is (a) that in which the objective is given and the means of obtaining it are sought, and (b) that in which the discovery is first made and then a use for it i
39、s sought. There exists in some circles a certain amount of intellectual snobbery and tendency to look contemptuously, on applied investigation. This attitude is based on the following two false ideas: that new knowledge is only discovered by pure research while applied research merely seeks to apply
40、 knowledge already available, and that pure research is a higher intellectual activity because it requires greater scientific ability and is more difficult. Both these ideas are quite wrong. Important new knowledge has frequently arisen from applied investigation; for instance, the science of bacter
41、iology originated largely from Pasteur“s investigations of practical problem in the beer, wine and silkworm industries. Usually it is more difficult to get results in applied research than in pure research, because the worker has to stick to and solve a given problem instead of following any promisi
42、ng clue that may turn up. Also in applied research most fields have already been well worked over and many of the easy and obvious things have been done. Applied research should not be confused with the routine practice of some branch of science where only the application of existing knowledge is at
43、tempted. There is need for both pure and applied research for they tend to be complementary.（分数：10.00）(1).It is generally believed that in applied investigation（分数：2.00）A.research workers follow unexpected, interesting clues.B.scientists make a discovery first, and then try to use it.C.it is the man
44、 rather than the project who is given support.D.results of practical value are to be achieved.(2).According to the author,（分数：2.00）A.the investigation of the life cycle of a protozoon is pure research.B.applied investigation is looked down upon in modern society.C.the discovery of X-rays was made in
45、 applied research.D.the common classification of research is neither accurate nor impersonal.(3).Some people look down on applied research because they think that（分数：2.00）A.it is a kind of prearranged investigation.B.no new knowledge can arise from applied research.C.it is more difficult to get resu
46、lts in applied research.D.no specific scientific ability is needed in applied research.(4).It can be inferred from the text that（分数：2.00）A.certain areas in pure research are not fully explored.B.applied investigation requires greater scientific ability.C.applied research is inferior to pure research
47、.D.knowledge is useless unless it is put into practice.(5).Which of the following most accurately describe the pattern of the text?（分数：2.00）A.The author first refutes the classification of research and then criticizes the intellectual snobbery and tendency to look down on the one of the two.B.The au
48、thor first refutes the classification of research into the pure and the applied and then presents his own classification.C.The author first refutes the classification of research and then points out that the classification results from two false ideas.D.The author first points out the practical importance of applied research and then criticizes those who look down on applied research.We assumed ethics needed the seal of certainty, else it was non-rational. And certainty was to be produced by a deductive model: the correct actions were derivable f
