1、考研英语-试卷 130及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Karl Von Linne (or Linnaeus, as he is widely known) was a Swedish biologist who devise
2、d the system of Latinised scientific names for living things that biologists use to this day. When he came to (1)_ people into his system, he put them into a group called Homoand Linne“s hairless fellow humans are still known biologically as Homo sapiens. (2)_ the group originally had a second membe
3、r, Homo troglodytes. It lived in Africa, and the pictures show it to be covered (3)_ hair. Modern (4)_ are not as generous as Linne in welcoming other species into Man“s lofty (5)_, and the chimpanzee is now referred to (6)_ Pan troglodytes. But Pan or Homo, there is no (7)_ that chimps are humans“
4、nearest living relatives, and that if the secrets of what makes humanity special are ever to be (8)_, understanding why chimps are not people, nor people chimps, is a crucial part of the process. That, in turn, means looking at the DNA of the two species, (9)_ it is here that the (10)_ must originat
5、e. One half of the puzzle has been (11)_ for several years: the human genome was published in 2001. The second has now been added, with the announcement in this week“s Nature (12)_ the chimpanzee genome has been sequenced as well. For those expecting (13)_ answers to age-old questions (14)_, the pub
6、lication of the chimp genome may be something of an (15)_. There are no immediately obvious genes-present in one, but not the other-that account for such characteristic human (16)_ as intelligence or even hairlessness. And (17)_ there is a gene connected with language, known as FOXP2, it had already
7、 been discovered. But although the preliminary comparison of the two genomes (18)_ by the members of the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, the multinational team that generated the sequence, did not (19)_, any obvious nuggets of genetic gold, it does at least show where to look for (20)
8、_.（分数：40.00）A.slotB.pledgeC.plotD.scrutinizeA.AndB.OrC.TherebyD.ButA.byB.throughoutC.withD.beyondA.demographersB.taxonomistsC.chronologistsD.psychologistsA.subjectB.dominionC.idealD.speciesA.asB.inC.amongD.withoutA.suspensionB.suspicionC.rotationD.doubtA.disintegratedB.distractedC.deletedD.disentang
9、ledA.because ofB.thoughC.forD.whereasA.disputesB.differencesC.hunchesD.humanitiesA.ruthlessB.mediocreC.opaqueD.availableA.thatB.whereC.whichD.in thatA.instantB.instinctiveC.constantD.intuitiveA.tooB.eitherC.thoughD.alsoA.panaceaB.anticlimaxC.zenithD.momentumA.defectsB.meritsC.flawsD.attributesA.whil
10、eB.onceC.whenD.as ifA.duplicatedB.dwarfedC.madeD.over lappedA.show upB.turn upC.resort toD.turn toA.himB.itC.themD.her二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C
11、or D._A cramped public-school test kitchen might seem an unlikely outpost for a food revolution. But Collazo, executive chef for the New York City public schools, and scores of others across the countrycelebrity chefs and lunch ladies, district superintendents and politicianssay they“re determined t
12、o improve what kids eat in school. Nearly everyone agrees something must be done. Most school cafeterias are staffed by poorly trained, badly equipped workers who churn out 4.8 billion hot lunches a year. Often the meals, produced for about $1 each, consist of breaded meat patties, French fries and
13、overcooked vegetables. So the kids buy muffins, cookies and ice cream insteador they feast on fast food from McDonald“s, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell, which is available in more than half the schools in the nation. Vending machines packed with sodas and candy line the hall ways. “We“re killing our kids“
14、with the food we serve, says Texas Education Commissioner Susan Combs. As rates of childhood obesity and diabetes skyrocket, public-health officials say schools need to change the way kids eat. It won“t be easy. Some kids and their parents don“t know better. Home cooking is becoming a forgotten art.
15、 And fast-food companies now spend $3 billion a year on television ads aimed at children. Along with reading and writing, schools need to teach kids what to eat to stay healthy, says culinary innovator Alice Waters, who is introducing gardening and fresh produce to 16 schools in California. It“s a g
16、olden opportunity, she says, “to affect the way children eat for the rest of their lives.“ Last year star English chef Jamie Oliver took over a school cafeteria in a working-class suburb of London. A documentary about his work shamed the British government into spending $500 million to revamp the na
17、tion“s school-food program. Oliver says it“s the United States“ turn now. “If you can put a man on the moon,“ he says, “you can give kids the food they need to make them lighter, fitter and live longer.“ Changing school food will take money. Many schools administrators are hooked on the easy cash up
18、 to $75,000 annuallythat soda and candy vending machines can bring in. Three years ago Gary Hirshberg of Concord, N.H., was appalled when his 13-year-old son described his daytime mealpizza, chocolate milk and a package of Skittles. “I wasn“t aware Skittles was a food group,“ says Hirshberg, CEO of
19、Stonyfield Farm, a yogurt company. So he devised a vending machine that stocks healthy snacks: yogurt smoothies, fruit leathers and whole-wheat pretzels. So far 41 schools in California, Illinois and Washington are using his machinesand a thousand more have requested them. Hirshberg says, “schools h
20、ave to make good food a priority.“ Some states are trying. California, New York and Texas have passed new laws that limit junk food sold on school grounds. Districts in California, New Mexico and Washington have begun buying produce from local farms. The soda and candy in the vending machines have b
21、een replaced by juice and beef jerky. “It“s not perfect,“ says Jannison. But it“s a cause worth fighting for, Even if she has to battle one chip at a time.（分数：10.00）(1).From paragraph 1, we learn that（分数：2.00）A.most American school cafeterias are well functional.B.more than half the schools have McD
22、onald chains.C.to change school food has been agreed by nearly everyone.D.fast food restaurants are beneficial supplements to school cafeterias.(2).Which is one of the difficulties to change the way children eat?（分数：2.00）A.Some public-health officials think it“s impossible.B.There are less and less
23、home-cooking in the country.C.Many parents are not aware of the importance to cook better meals.D.Fast-food companies are not investing enough in new food for children.(3).We can infer from Para. 2 that Jamier Oliver thinks（分数：2.00）A.it“s school“s responsibility to teach kids what to eat.B.the U.S s
24、hould revamp the nation“s school-food program early.C.to change the way kids eat is equal to putting a man on the moon.D.it“s possible to change the way kids eat although it“s difficult.(4).Gary Hirshberg made a new type of vending machine in order to（分数：2.00）A.earn much more money for his company.B
25、.reduce school expenditure on those low-nutrition food.C.replace the traditional snacks as they are harmful to kids.D.promote a new kind of yogurt product.(5).What is the main idea of the text?（分数：2.00）A.Politicians are paying more attention to the food of students.B.Schools are reluctant to change
26、the food structure at present.C.There are a lot of difficulties in changing school food.D.It is high time to improve school food and many efforts have been made.When a customer claimed to have found a severed finger in a bowl of chilli served at a Wendy“s fast-food franchise in California, the chain
27、“s sales fell by half in the San Jos area where the incident was reported. Wendy“s brand and reputation were at risk, until the claim was exposed as a hoax in late April and the company, operator of America“s third-biggest hamburger chain, was vindicated. Yet the share price of Wendy“s International
28、, the parent company, rose steadily through March and April, despite the finger furore and downgrades from analysts. One reason was heavy buying by hedge funds, led by Pershing Square Capital. This week Pershing made its intentions public, saying that it was worried by market rumours that Wendy“s mi
29、ght soon buy more fast-food brands, and arguing that the firm should be selling assets instead. Pershing“s approach indicates rising pressure on American restaurant companies to perform, at a time when the industry“s growth prospects look increasingly tough. The hit on customers“ wallets from higher
30、 petrol prices and rising interest rates will probably mean that year-on-year sales growth across the American restaurant industry slows to just 1% by the fourth quarter of 2005, down from a five-year historic average of 5.6%, say UBS, an investment bank, and Global Insight, a forecasting group. Loo
31、king further ahead, says UBS“s David Palmer, the industry may have to stop relying on most of the long-term trends that were behind much of its recent growth. Three-quarters of Americans already live within three miles of a McDonald“s restaurant, leaving little scope for green-field growth. (Obesity
32、 is a growing issue in America, and with it come the threat of liability lawsuits against big restaurant chains and, perhaps, legal limits on advertising.) This week America“s biggest food trade group, the Grocery Manufacturers“ Association, was said to be preparing tougher guidelines on the marketi
33、ng of food to children, in the hope of staving off statutory controls. Home cooking may also be making a comeback, helped by two factors. The percentage of women joining America“s workforce may have peaked, and supermarket chains such as Wal-Mart have been forcing down retail food prices. Expansion
34、overseas is one option for American restaurant chains. Burger King, the privately owned number two hamburger chain, opened its first outlet in China last month, apparently aiming to maintain strong growth ahead of an initial public offering next year. McDonald“s has 600 outlets in China and plans 40
35、0 more. But at home, the future seems to hold only an ever more competitive and cost-conscious restaurant industry. Fast-food chains are trying to poach customers from “casual dining“ chains (such as Applebee“s Neighborhood Grill), while those chains are squeezing out independent restaurants unable
36、to compete on cost or in marketing clout. Business conditions, not severed fingers, are the real threat to the weaker firms in the restaurant business.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “hoax“(paragraph 1) probably means（分数：2.00）A.truth.B.joke.C.revenge.D.warn.(2).Why did the share price of Wendy“s Internationa
37、l rise steadily after the “severed finger“ incident?（分数：2.00）A.The woman“s claim was reported as a mistake.B.Wendy“s is American“s third-biggest hamburger chain.C.Pershing Square Capital bought a large amount of its shares.D.Wendy“s will buy more fast-food brands and assets.(3).From paragraph 4 we c
38、an infer that（分数：2.00）A.there is one McDonald“s restaurant every three miles.B.to limit advertising of food to children is a way to avoid obesity.C.home cooking may prevent women from joining America“s workforce.D.Wal-Mart can raise the fo6d prices by its large scale.(4).How can American restaurant
39、chains accelerate their business?（分数：2.00）A.To improve the quality of their products and services.B.To raise their share prices with the help of some hedge funds.C.To invest more money in advertising especially to children.D.To expand their business scope overseas.(5).Which statement is true accordi
40、ng to the text?（分数：2.00）A.America“s restaurant industry is growing steadily.B.Wendy“s International is threatened severely by Burger King and McDonaldC.Fast-food chains are facing more competitive market inside America.D.UBS and Global Insight are planning to help restaurant industry get out of diff
41、iculties.One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of
42、 approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unclean, sanity ones. In the latter case, alcohol drinking is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of pleasure generally observed in
43、 most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks. Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol
44、the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged. The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discou
45、rage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the
46、unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol. In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves become the signal for a
47、nother time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in associati
48、on with a state of anxiety or leer, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking. The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of cond
