1、考研英语-935 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The role of governments in environmental management is deficit but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, (1) , governments act in an even more harmful way. They actual
2、ly subsidize the exploitation and (2) of natural resources. A whole (3) of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and often (4) no economic sense. Making good policies offers a two-fold (5) : a cleaner environmentpolilicians and a more efficient econ
3、omy. Crowth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to (6) the vested interest that subsidies create.No activity affects more of the earths surface than farming, h shapes a third of the planets land area, not (7) Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. Wo
4、rld food output per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in (8) from land already in (9) , but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a (10) in th
5、e use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the 1970s and 1980s.All these activities may have (11) environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agrieuhure is the largest single (12) of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may (13) water supplies; more intensive farming and
6、 the abandonment of fallow periods (14) worsen soil erosion; and the spread of monochord and use of high-yielding varieties of euros have been accompanied by the (15) of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some (16) against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the p
7、roductivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, (17) the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate (18) to diminish the soils productivity. The country subsequently (19) a program to convert
8、11 percent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is (20) much faster than in America.（分数：10.00）(1).A. however B. therefore C. but D. hence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. conjunction B. compensation C. eousun, ption D. constitution（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. area B. range C. scope D
9、. field（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. take B. hold C. lose D. make（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. profit B. bonus C. benefit D. prize（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. confront B. confine C. conform D. confuse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. thinking B. considering C. thirsting D. counting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. outputs B. supplies C
10、. yields D. outcomes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. revolution B. civillzation C. reservation D. euhivation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. doubling B. reducing C. dismissing D. repeating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. destroying B. damaging C. injuring D. ruining（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. excuse B. justification C. cause D
11、. ground（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. purify B. simplify C. dirty D. contaminate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. come to B. bring to C. tend to D. stand to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. disappearance B. discovery C. disposition D. disturbance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. reassurance B. insurance C. assurance D. measure（分数：
12、0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. when B. while C. which D. where（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. probable B. capable C. likely D. hopeful（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. set up B. embark upon C. build up D. make up（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. vanishing B. staying C. appearing D. dissolving（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：
13、0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)America acted quickly and decisively to the Great Recession, while Europeans seem paralyzed by the distant past. The swift and decisive U.S. response to the financial crisis and deep recession should be a model for other large developed econom
14、ies. Yet Europe, which is now facing sovereign debt and banking problems and a slowdown in growth, seems reluctant to follow Americas lead.The United States emerged from its 2008 economic cataclysm with relative speed because policymakers learned from history. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke h
15、ad famously internalized the charge that the central bank had contributed to the Great Depression. The frenzied response of the Bernanke Fedguaranteeing all sorts of assets and markets, purchasing mortgage-backed securities, adopting a zero-interest rate policy, and expanding its balance shed to $ 2
16、.3 trillion can be seen as signs of overcompensation. And from Japans experience in the 1990s, the Fed learned the need for speed.While some critics have charged the U.S. fiscal stimulus was too small, the data suggest that the stimulus package has been a significant contributor to job retention and
17、 growth. Increased federal spending was needed in part to combat the declines in government spending by states. In the United States, the federal government helped prop up the states with injections of cash. In Europe, which lacks a powerful overarching federal government with the ability to tax and
18、 spend, fiscal policy is all bitter medicine and no spoonfuls of sugar. From the United Kingdom to the Czech Republic, and all points in between, governments are cutting spending and raising taxes. But these contractionary policies will retard economic growth, which will in turn lead to more problem
19、s for the banks.The European Central Bank and European governments are embracing fiscal austerity and comparative monetary tightness in these extraordinary times because they remain paralyzed by a terrible fear of inflation. The Federal Reserve has the dual mandate of controlling inflation and promo
20、ting employment. The ECB, by contrast, is concerned primarily with inflation. Never mind that the OECD data on inflation shows it is under control. The Europeans remain freaked out by the prospect of inflation at some point in the future. In its outlook, the OECD writes. “On inflation, the issue is
21、not whether it is a risk todayit is not but whether it will be a risk in two years time. “In the United States, the desire to avoid mistakes made in the distant and recent past has led to perhaps excessively vigorous fiscal and monetary policies. For Europeans, the desire to avoid mistakes made in t
22、he distant past has led to an excess of caution. When they look to history for guidance, European policymakers arent looking at Washington in 2009, or Japan in the 1990s, or the United States in the 1930s. Rather, they look to Europe in the 1920s, a period when hyperinflation ravaged economies, disr
23、upted the social order, destroyed social democracies, and led to the rise of Nazism.（分数：10.00）(1).Ben Bernankes response to the crisisA. shows how well policymakers learn from history.B. has met with fierce assaults from policymakers.C. has been considered to be overreacting and ineffective.D. has p
24、lunged American economy into deeper recession.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).From the second paragraph we can inferA. the American economy began to recover from 2008.B. Japan responded to its financial crisis fairly quickly.C. the American government paid out all the mortgage.D. America expanded its investmen
25、t to more than 2 trillion.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is NOT a faulty policy in Europe?A. Reduced government spending.B. Lack of a coordinated stimulus package.C. Mutual contradiction between policies.D. An ineffective monetary policy.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Europes concern over inflati
26、onA. has annoyed its American partner.B. is supported by OECD statistics.C. makes it execute vigorous polices.D. bears no substance at all.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The main idea of the text isA. history explains Europes timid response.B. Europe should reflect on historical lessons.C. Americans should te
27、ach Europeans a lesson.D. policymakers should not repeat historical mistakes.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)New graduates in America are used to facing an uncertain future while saddled with heavy debts. Now Sallie Mae, the firm that provides many of them with the financial wherewithal to
28、complete their education, will understand how they feel. On Monday April 16th it was announced that two private-equity firms along with two banks, JPMorgan Chase and Bank of America, had agreed to pay $25 billion for Americas leading student-loan provider.In the past decade the market for student lo
29、ans has doubled to around $85 billion a year. Student numbers have swelled while incomes have failed to keep pace with the soaring cost of college education. Sallie Mae has over a quarter of the entire business in America. And though margins are wafer-thin the firm made a profit of $1.2 billion last
30、 year.This profitability has attracted the interest of both Democratic and Republican lawmakers, seeking ways to save money while making education more affordable. Particularly vulnerable is the proportion doled out to big and profitable private companies like Sallie Mae to subsidise affordable gove
31、rnment-backed loans. These now account for around 85% of its lending.Sallie Maes profits and healthy cash-flow are a draw for private equity. And the involvement of the two banks could prove useful for plugging any gap in financing, if the firms credit rating slips following the assumption of so muc
32、h debt. It helps that Sallie Mae is also making money beyond its core business. The market for private loans, without government subsidies or guarantees, is growing fast as the cost of education grows while the size of federal loans that students can take out has remained flat. This sort of loan is
33、nicely profitable because lenders can levy high interest rates. New graduates are also targets: Sallie Mae has built a big debt-collection arm for reluctant repayers and a college-fund business for fast breeders.Even the renewed interest from politicians could play into Sallie Maes hands. The lure o
34、f profits over the past decade has drawn more lenders into the business. Any future regulations or legislation that might shave profit margins further could deter new entrants or force smaller lenders out of the business, and Sallie Mae may get more opportunities to offset the reduction. But despite
35、 all the safeguards, students are high risk borrowers who quickly amass big debts. Sallie Mae, like many of the students it serves, could wake up one day with a nasty hangover (拖欠) and little recollection about how it came about.（分数：10.00）(1).The example of Sallie Mae Company is used by the author t
36、o _A. express the current situation of student-loan.B. describe the banking industry of the U.S.C. show problems in politics.D. talk about the environment of education in the U.S（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The profit of Sallie Mae is considerable although the margins are wafer-thin because _A. the company
37、has used illegal methods to raise money.B. the cost of college education has increased faster than the average income.C. the government has issued policies to increase the profit in the industry.D. students are safe borrowers who can repay the loan immediately.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the t
38、ext, the goal of the US government on education cost is _A. to earn more money.B. to enable more students to study in college at a lower government cost.C. to reduce the interest rate of student-loan.D. to establish more colleges.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).If a student is reluctant to pay back the loan, S
39、allie Mae most probably _A. have no idea to deal with the case.B. ask the army to solve the problem.C. use its strong system to urge for return.D. no longer lend money to students.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).From the last two paragraphs, we learn that _A. If the margin of profit in student-loan is lessened
40、, no company will be involved in the industry.B. If the margin of profit in student-loan is lessened, Sallie Mae will be bankrupt.C. If the margin of profit in student-loan is lessened, Sallie Mae can get more opportunities.D. If the margin of profit in student-loan is lessened, the industry will be
41、 definitely safe.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Shopping has always been something of an impulse activity, in which objects that catch our fancy while strolling are immediately bought on a whim. Advertisers and sellers have taken advantage of this fact, carefully positioning inexpensive bu
42、t attractive items on paths that we are most likely to cross, hoping that our human nature will lead to a greater profit for them. With the dawn of the Internet and its exploding use across the world, the same tactics apply.Advertisers now place “banners“, links to commercial web sites decorated wit
43、h attractive pictures designed to catch our eyes while browsing the webs, on key web sites with heavy traffic. They pay top dollar for the right, thus creating profits for the hosting web site as well. These actions are performed in the hopes that during the course of our casual and leisurely web su
44、rfing, well click on that banner that sparks our interest and thus, in theory, buy the products advertised.Initial results have been positive. Web sites report a huge inflow of cash, both from the advertisers who tempt customers in with the banners and the hosting web sites, which are paid for allow
45、ing the banners to be put in place. As trust and confidence in Internet buying increases and information security is heightened with new technology, the volume of buying is increasing, leading to even greater profits.The current situation, however, is not quite as optimistic. Just as magazine reader
46、s tend to unconsciously ignore advertisements in their favorite periodicals, web browsers are beginning to allow banners to slip their notice as well. Internet users respond to the flood of banners by viewing them as annoyances, a negative image that is hurting sales, since users are now less reluct
47、ant to click on those banners, preferring not to support the system that puts them in place. If Internet advertising is to continue to be a viable and profitable business practice, new methods will need to be considered to reinvigorate the industry.With the recent depression in the technology sector
48、 and slowing economy, even new practices may not do the trick. As consumers are saving more and frequenting traditional real estate businesses over their Internet counterparts, the fate of Internet business is called into question. The coming years will be the only reliable indication of whether sho
49、pping on the world wide web is the wave of the future or simply an impulse activity whose whim has passed.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be learned from the first paragraph that Internet advertisingA. has taken the place of more traditional methods of advertising.B. is one of the most effective ways to make profits on the web.C. is paralleling advertising methods in traditional business settings.D. seeks to tempt customers through impulse shopping methods.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The second and third paragraphs are written in order to illustrateA. the policy Int
