1、考研英语-878 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Our ability to think has long been considered central to what makes us human. Now research suggests that our bodies and their relationship with the environment (1) even our most abstract thoughts. This includes thinking up rando
2、m numbers or deciding (2) to review positive or negative experiences.“Advocates of traditional (3) of cognition would be surprised,“ says Tobias Loetscher at the University of Melbourne in Parkville, Australia. “They (4) consider human reasoning to involve abstract cognitive processes without any co
3、nnection to body or space.“Until recently, the (5) has been that our bodies (6) only to our most basic interactions with the environment, (7) sensory and motor processes. The new results suggest that our bodies are also (8) to produce abstract thought, and that even seemingly (9) activities have the
4、 power to influence our thinking. (10) that our bodies may play a role in thought can be found in the metaphors we use to describe situations, (11) “I was given the cold shoulder“ or “she has an excellent grasp of relativity“.Thirty years ago, such (12) led the linguist and philosopher George Lakoff
5、 at the University of Califor- nia, Berkeley, together with philosopher Mark Johnson at the University of Oregon in Eugene, to (13) “conceptual metaphor theory“, the notion that we think of abstract concepts (14) how our bodies function. Now (15) for the theory has started to (16) in. In 2008, (17)
6、, researchers found that people made to feel socially (18) reported feeling physically colder. Now, Loetscher and his colleagues have (19) our ability to think of random numbers-an example of abstract thought-to bodily (20) （分数：10.00）A.conflictB.governC.interfereD.manipulateA.whetherB.thatC.whatD.if
7、A.debatesB.accountsC.narrationsD.inclinationsA.generallyB.almostC.hardlyD.absolutelyA.requirementB.conditionC.circumstanceD.assumptionA.contributeB.devoteC.specifyD.leadA.particularlyB.similarlyC.commonlyD.namelyA.damagedB.exploitedC.groundedD.possessedA.significantB.fakeC.oppositeD.trivialA.FactsB.
8、DoubtsC.CluesD.ConfirmationsA.by chanceB.such asC.as toD.in effectA.promotionsB.observationsC.careersD.fortunesA.proposeB.imagineC.interveneD.concludeA.in spite ofB.with regard toC.as far asD.in terms ofA.evidenceB.sightC.doubtD.consequenceA.stimulateB.involveC.flowD.bringA.for exampleB.in a senseC.
9、as a resultD.in additionA.comfortableB.excludedC.severeD.alienA.linkedB.regardedC.fastenedD.includedA.abstractionsB.ambitionsC.responsibilitiesD.movements二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Here you are. Every morning, you reluctantly return to the same
10、6x6 cube. You grab a coffee, surf a news site, and chitchat with a peer. Then its onto that attack of calls and e-malls coming your way. But the workload doesnt bother you. Staying busy saves you from something worse. And that something worse happens each month when the promotion announcements come
11、out. You read what your peers have accomplished, here and elsewhere. Reflecting on what you did during that same time, you realize how far youve fallen behind. Sometimes you whisper, “That shouldve been me.“Years ago, you marched into this cube dreaming of being a big shot. You didnt plan to stay he
12、re long; it was a place to learn the ropes and build your reputation. Early on, the higher-ups raved about your natural talent and upside. But those qualities only take you so far. Now, you hold a ceremonial “Senior“ title. Your place is secure and you make a decent living. Still, you feel trapped a
13、nd restless. You follow the same tired routines. And you wonder if youve settled, if this is all there is and all youll ever be. You once lived like you had all the time in the world. Then you lost track of it as years passed. Now, you feel its weight and passing more intimately, knowing how much yo
14、uve wasted.We want to believe our careers will unfold logically. We see ourselves as special, possessing a manifest destiny to someday create, change, and lead. So we put our lives on hold and sacrifice for the greater good at work, certain our efforts will eventually be rewarded. We imagine climbin
15、g the proverbial ladder, not wandering through a maze.So what happened? Youd like to believe it was one moment-a major oversight or missed opportunity- that led you here. Deep inside, you know the truth. You wrote lists and plans, knowing youd never put them into motion. You waited for something to
16、happen to you.and got left behind. Despite the grueling hours, you went through the motions, subconsciously knowing your path was welcome scenery and exercise. But led nowhere.In our personal narratives, we naturally make ourselves the heroes. We seek out villains and scapegoats to justify why our l
17、ives havent panned out. Unfortunately, the truth is far less melodramatic. It is usually a series of evasions, bad habits, fears, compromises, and mentalities that have led us to this point. Sure, you can spend time reflecting on the past, questioning your path, and figuring out whats missing. But a
18、re you really being honest with yourself?.（分数：10.00）(1).What does “6x6 cube“ refer to?（分数：2.00）A.A square pipe.B.A kind of computer.C.A square office.D.An office desk.(2).According to Paragraph 2, when you get into this cube your initial plan is to（分数：2.00）A.become a senior worker in the company.B.g
19、ather experience and fame for bigger goals.C.gain the approval of the higher-ups.D.have a secure job and a well-off lif(3).The proverbial ladder in Paragraph 3 indicates that we believe（分数：2.00）A.we are born to be leaders and big shots.B.our sacrifices and efforts will pay off.C.we will encounter gr
20、eat opportunities.D.there wont be obstacles in our careers.(4).According to the last paragraph, our attitude toward our failures is（分数：2.00）A.optimistic.B.desperate.C.negligent.D.evasiv(5).It can be inferred from the text that the real reason for our failure is（分数：2.00）A.lost chances and opportuniti
21、es.B.impractical lists and plans.C.dishonesty with ourselves.D.wrong attitudes and mentalities.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)How long you live has a lot to do with your environment and lifestyle, but exceptional longevity may have even more to do with your genes. For the first time, researchers have ident
22、ified a genetic recipe that accurately predicts who may live to 100 and beyond. Scientists led by Dr. Thomas Perls at the Boston University School of Medicine conducted a genetic analysis of more than 1,000 centenarians and their matched controls and found 150 genetic variants-or bits of DNA-that di
23、ffered between the two groups. These variants identified people who lived to a very old age (past 100) with 77% accuracy, researchers found.Further analysis identified 19 distinct genetic profiles associated with extremely long life; 90% of participants who lived to 100 possessed at least one of the
24、 signature genetic clusters. Each profile appeared to confer a different tendency to develop common age-related chronic diseases, such as heart disease or brain disorder. “We realize this is a complex genetic puzzle,“ Perls said. “Were quite a ways away still in understanding how the integration of
25、these genes-not just with themselves but with environmental factors-are playing a role in this longevity puzzle.“Perls has studied many factors that contribute to longevity, and he is the first to acknowledge that living longer isnt likely to be simply a matter of genes. His previous work has shown,
26、 for example, that among most elderly people who live into their 70s and 80s, about 70% of their longevity can be ascribed to environmental factors such as not smoking; eating a healthy, low-fat, low-calorie diet; and remaining socially engaged and intellectually active throughout life.Still, it see
27、ms clear that those who live to an exceptionally ripe old age are benefiting from a special DNA boost. In fact, Perls believes that the older a person gets, the more likely it is that his or her genes are contributing to those extended years. His current genetic findings support that theory: the 19
28、most common genetic profiles that distinguished the exceptionally long-lived appear to be correlated with lower incidence of certain diseases. For example, some profiles were associated with lower rates of high blood pressure and diabetes, while another was linked to a reduced risk of brain disorder
29、.Although most of us cant expect to become centenarians, Perls is hoping that his work will lead to better ways-perhaps through pharmaceutical interventions based on the genetic clues to longevity-to help more of us live like them.（分数：10.00）(1).By analysing the genes of centenarians, scientists foun
30、d that（分数：2.00）A.environment and lifestyle contribute much to longevity.B.centenarians genes are the same as other people.C.many genetic variants may identify centenarians.D.19 genetic profiles of centenarians are different from others.(2).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2?（分数：
31、2.00）A.Chronic diseases are complex genetic puzzles to scientists.B.How exceptional longevity-related genes function is known.C.Most centenarians have exceptional longevity-related genes.D.The integration of genes and environmental factors is important.(3).Perls may most likely agree that（分数：2.00）A.
32、most extremely long-lived benefit from not smoking.B.environmental factors play an important role in longevity.C.longevity is only associated with certain genetic profiles.D.intellectually active has nothing to do with living an old ag(4).By referring to current genetic findings of Perls, the author
33、 intends to（分数：2.00）A.support the idea that extremely longevity are ascribed to genes.B.show some genes are associated with lower rates of certain diseases.C.support the idea that common genes are related to extremely longevity.D.discuss the relationship between genes and certain diseases.(5).Which
34、of the following would be the best title for this text?（分数：2.00）A.Genes, the Secret of LongevityB.Environment and GenesC.Lifestyle and GenesD.Genes May Predict Who Lives to 100六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)How could anybody dislike the notion of fairness? Everything is better when it is fair: a share, a f
35、ight, a maiden, or a game. Even defeat sounds more attractive when it is fair and square. For the British fair play is especially important: without it, life isnt cricket. Their country becomes quite pleasant when the weather is fair, though unfortunately it rarely is. And these days fair-trade good
36、s crowd their supermarket shelves.Fairness is not only good, but also moderate, which is another characteristic that the British approve of. It does not claim too much for itself. Those who, on inquiry, admit that their health and fortunes are fair-to-middling navigate carefully between the twin dan
37、gers of boastfulness and ill-temperedness, while gesturing in a chinup sort of way towards the possibility of future improvement.Fairness appeals to the British political class, for it has a common sense down-to-earthiness which avoids the grandiosity of American and continental European political d
38、iscourse while aspiring to do its best for all men-and of course for maidens too, fair and otherwise, for one of its virtues is that it does not discriminate on grounds of either gender or skin colour.Not surprising, then, that Britains government should grab hold of the word and cling to it in the
39、buffeting the coalition has had since the budget on June 22nd proposed higher taxes and even sharper spending cuts. “Tough but fair“ is what George Osborne, the Conservative chancellor of the exchequer, called the cuts he announced. “It is going to be tough, but it is also very fair,“ said Vince Cab
40、le, the Liberal Democrat business secretary. At last, something they could agree on.“Fairness“ suits Britains coalition government so well not just because its meanings are all positive, but also because they are wide-ranging. To one lot of people, fairness means establishing the same rules for ever
41、ybody, playing by them, and letting the best man win and the winner take all. To another, it means making sure that everybody gets equal shares. Those two meanings are not just different: they are opposite. They represent a choice that has to be made between freedom and equality. Yet so slippery-and
42、 thus convenient to politicians- is the English language that a single word encompasses both, and in doing so loses any claim to meaning.（分数：10.00）(1).The statement “without it, life isnt cricket“ (Line 3, Par（分数：2.00）A.1) reflects thatA. people in Britain want sports to be fair and square.B. the Br
43、itish highly value the notion of fairness.C. the British treat their life in a fair and serious way.D. for the British, life isnt as fair as a cricket gam(2).What do we know about the British from the first two paragraphs?（分数：2.00）A.They are hard to please.B.They are nice and moderate.C.They are pro
44、ne to boastfulness.D.They are modest yet optimisti(3).George Osborne and Vince Cable regarded the spending cuts as fair because（分数：2.00）A.the spending cuts really are fair and square.B.they finally see eye to eye with each other.C.British politicians like to use that word.D.they two are of the same
45、political regim(4).The author holds in the last paragraph that “fairness“（分数：2.00）A.is the cornerstone of the Britains coalition government.B.means different or even opposite things to different people.C.displays the inclusiveness of the English language.D.has become a convenient cliche for the Brit
46、ish politicians.(5).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.The British value the notion of fairness, especially in sports games.B.Continental European politicians dont favor the notion of fairness.C.Fairness is vital for maidens since it has no gender discrimination.D.Fairne
47、ss has become a guidelines of Britains coalition government.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When it comes to jealousy, men and women arent always on the same page. Previous studies have shown that, while men are more likely to see red over a partners sexual infidelity, women are more upset by emotional chea
48、ting. Evolutionary psychologists- theorize that the difference is rooted in the sexes historical roles-men wanted to guarantee that their partners were carrying their children, while women needed to feel secure that they and their children would be cared for by a committed partner. Yet, that evoluti
49、onary explanation doesnt account for a large group of men who say that emotional disloyalty is more upsetting than sexual infidelity, and women who are more upset by sexual betrayal.To gain a more thorough understanding of gender and jealousy, researchers from Pennsylvania State University (PSU) approached the issue with some modem psychology. In a study published in the journal Psychological Science, researchers found that, while generally speaking, the evolutionary explanation of gender and jealousy held up, when viewed through the lens of atta
