1、考研英语-550 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A narrowing of your work interests is implied in almost any transition from a study environment to managerial or professional work. In the humanities and social sciences you will at best reuse only a fraction of the material 1 i
2、n three or four years“ study. In most career paths academic knowledge only 2 a background to much more applied decision-making. Even with a “training“ form of degree, 3 a few of the procedures or methods 4 in your studies are likely to be continuously relevant in your work. Partly this 5 the greater
3、 specialization of most work tasks compared 6 studying. Many graduates are not 7 with the variety involved in 8 from degree study in at least four or five subjects a year to very standardized job 9 Academic work values 10 inventiveness, originality, and the cultivation of self-realization and self-d
4、evelopment. Emphasis is placed 11 generating new ideas and knowledge, assembling 12 information to make a “rational“ decision, appreciating basic 13 and theories, and getting involved in fundamental controversies and debates. The humanistic values of higher 14 encourages the feeling of being 15 in a
5、 process with a self-developmental rhythm. 16 , even if your employers pursue enlightened personnel development 17 and invest heavily in “human capital“for example, by rotating graduate trainees to 18 their work experiencesyou are still likely to notice and feet 19 about some major restrictions of y
6、our 20 and activities compared with a study environment.（分数：10.00）A.restrictedB.coveredC.spreadD.confirmedA.admitsB.equipsC.statesD.formsA.hardlyB.scarcelyC.evenlyD.onlyA.practicedB.describedC.encounteredD.analyzedA.reflectsB.affectsC.checksD.reducesA.withB.againstC.uponD.fromA.contestB.contentC.con
7、tactD.contractA.transferringB.transmittingC.translatingD.transportingA.peculiaritiesB.meansC.satisfactionsD.demandsA.uniqueB.singleC.individualD.specificA.byB.onC.acrossD.throughA.adequateB.definiteC.valuableD.profitableA.beliefsB.conceptsC.religionsD.faithsA.positionB.principleC.reputationD.educati
8、onA.consistedB.dealtC.engagedD.workedA.By contrastB.That isC.ThereforeD.MeanwhileA.lawsB.rulesC.policiesD.studiesA.improveB.introduceC.varyD.achieveA.strangeB.ashamedC.funnyD.sorryA.hobbiesB.interestsC.subjectsD.concerns二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.0
9、0)Hypothetically, let“s say you ran a fancy private elementary school. Like other private schools in the region, you“re competing to put out the brightest kids. And one of the ways you engineer this is through your admissions processyou try to select the kids who will get the most out of what your s
10、chool has to offer, kids who can handle the intellectual challenge, and who don“t disrupt the class. So, if you“re like other private schools, you bring the five-year-old applicants in for some intellectual assessment, and you also set up some games and playrooms for them so that you can watch them
11、for an hour or twoto monitor their behavior. You“re looking for kids who get upset, withdraw, can“t wait for their turn, dominate other kids, can“t sit still, don“t pay attention to the instructions, etc. Then you admit the kids who looked best. This seems innocuous. It“s common practice. However, a
12、ccording to an ongoing study in Germany, what you might have done will just reject some of the very best kids. This study, by Gisela Trommsdorff and Antje Von Suchodoletz, is following a group of kids who are making the transition from kindergarten to first grade. At the beginning of kindergarten, t
13、he scholars measured these kids“ reasoning ability with a test of their nonverbal intelligence. They also measured their goal-oriented self-control with a variation of Mischel“s marshmallow task and a persistence test. The persistence test, for kids of this age, goes like this: kids are asked to dra
14、w a big circle. Then they“re told by a teacher it“s not quite circular enough, it“s not good enough do they want to try again? The child tries again. Every time, the teacher responds it“s not circular enough. Of course, nobody can draw a perfect circle. What the test measures is how long a child can
15、 hang in there, continuing to try, when confronted with negative feedback. Some kids quit quickly, while others keep going through endless trials. The scholars also got teachers to fill out behavioral-rating questionnaires about the children. We would expect that kids with higher reasoning ability p
16、lus higher persistence and self-control would have less behavior problems. However, the scholars saw a very dramatic trend in the other direction: High reasoning ability+High persistence/self-control=More behavior problems, not less. What the scholars believe is that Non-Verbal Intelligence disrupts
17、 the expected relationship between self-control and behavior. Theoretically, self-control and behavior should go hand in hand, and for low-IQ kids, that“s absolutely true. But not for kids who are well above average in reasoning ability. Why this is the case probably has something to do with the dis
18、tinction between goal-oriented tasks and normal social interactions like playgroups where there is no actual goal to focus upon. Smart kids“ behavior in the latter context is probably not a good proxy for their-ability to apply themselves in the former context.（分数：10.00）(1).Which kind of the followi
19、ng kids will be admitted by private schools?（分数：2.00）A.Kids who disturb the class.B.Kids who can play for hours.C.Kids who don“t give up easily.D.Kids who dominate other kids.(2).Which of the following words has a similar meaning to “innocuous“ in Paragraph 3?（分数：2.00）A.Strange.B.Harmless.C.Unique.D
20、.Ridiculous.(3).The big circle drawing test is made to _.（分数：2.00）A.discover the difference between kindergarten and first grade kidsB.measure the kindergarten kids“ reasoning abilityC.measure the kindergarten kids“ goal-oriented self-controlD.collect negative feedback from the kindergarten kids(4).
21、Which of the following is CORRECT according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Teachers know less about the children than scholars.B.Higher persistence means less behavior problems.C.Low-IQ kids have no self-control and more behavior problems.D.The relationship between self-control and behavior is not fixed.
22、(5).As to the kids who are well above average in reasoning ability, _.（分数：2.00）A.they have no actual goal to focus onB.their behaviors may go against their self-controlC.their behavior is a window reflecting their futureD.they behave well in normal social interactions五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Is athle
23、tic expertise attained or innate? Those who have suffered the tongue-lashing of a cruel games master at school might be forgiven for doubting the idea that anyone and everyone is capable of great sporting achievement, if only they would put enough effort into it. Practice may make perfect, but not a
24、ll are built in ways that make it worth bothering in the first place. The latest evidence of this truth has been gathered by Sabrina Lee of Simon Fraser University in Vancouver and Stephen Piazza at Pennsylvania State University. They have looked at the physical structure of short-distance runners a
25、nd found that their feet are built differently from those of couch potatoes. Dr. Lee and Dr. Piazza already knew that short-distance runners tend to have a higher proportion of fast- contracting muscle fibres in their legs than more sedentary folk can muster. They suspected, though, that they would
26、find differences in the bone structure as well. And they did. They looked at seven university sprinters who specialize in the 100-metre dash and five 200-metre specialists, and compared them with 12 non-athletic university students of the same height. In particular, they looked at the sizes of bones
27、 of the toes and heel. They also used ultrasonic scanning to measure the sliding motion of the Achilles tendons of their volunteers as their feet moved up and down. This allowed them to study the length of the lever created by the tendon as it pulls on the back of the heel to make the foot flex and
28、push off the ground. Dr. Lee and Dr. Piazza found that the toes of their short-distance runners averaged 8.2cm in length, while those of common people averaged 7.3cm. The length of the lever of bone that the Achilles tendon pulls on also differed, being a quarter shorter in short-distance runners. T
29、hese findings suggest short-distance runners get better contact with the ground by having longer toes. That makes sense, as it creates a firmer platform to push against. In a short-distance running race, acceleration off the block is everything. Cheetahs, the champion of short-distance runners of th
30、e animal kingdom, have non-flexible claws that give a similar advantage. It is possiblejustthat the differences in physical structure are the result of long and rigorous training. But it is unlikely. Far more probable is that the old saying of coaches, that great short-distance runners are born not
31、made, is true. Everyone else, games masters included, should just get used to the idea.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, those who have doubted the idea that anyone can achieve in sports should _.（分数：2.00）A.be severely scolded by their coachB.practice harderC.be excused and not be forced to pr
32、acticeD.be ashamed of themselves(2).Which of the followings is NOT included in the latest evidence gathered by Dr. Lee and Dr. Piazza?（分数：2.00）A.The toes of their short-distance runners are longer than those of common people.B.Short-distance runners tend to have a higher proportion of fast-contracti
33、ng muscle fibres in their legs.C.In short-distance runners, the length of the lever of bone that the Achilles tendon pulls on is considerably shorter.D.The average length of toes of the tested common people is 7.3cm.(3).The purpose of using ultrasonic scanning was _.（分数：2.00）A.to measure the frequen
34、cy of the Achilles tendons“ pulling as the feet movedB.to see how the Achilles tendons slide as the feet moved up and downC.to compare the sliding motion of the Achilles tendons with the pulling of muscle fibres in the legsD.to measure the length of the lever of bone that the Achilles tendon pulls o
35、n(4).According to Dr. Lee and Dr. Piazza, which of the followings are NOT different?（分数：2.00）A.Proportions of fast-contracting muscle fibres in the legs of athletes and common people.B.The lengths of toes of athletes and common people.C.Sizes of heels of athletes and common people.D.Bone structures
36、of athletes and common people.(5).According to the author, the idea the differences in physical structure between athletes and common people are the result of training is _.（分数：2.00）A.trueB.likely to be trueC.to be testedD.probably untrue六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Schools have banned cupcakes, issued o
37、besity report cards and cleared space in cafeterias for salad bars. Just last month, Michelle Obama“s campaign to end childhood obesity promised to get young people moving more and improve school lunch, and beverage makers said they had cut the sheer number of liquid calories shipped to schools by a
38、lmost 90 percent in the past five years. But new research suggests that interventions aimed at school-aged children may be, if not too little, too late. More and more evidence points to crucial events very early in life-during the toddler years, infancy and even before birththat can set young childr
39、en on an obesity track that is hard to alter by the time they“re in kindergarten. The evidence is not invulnerable, but it suggests that prevention efforts should start very early. Among the findings are these: The chubby angelic baby who is growing so nicely may be growing too much for his or her o
40、wn good, research suggests. Babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are at risk of becoming obese, even though the babies are usually small at birth. Babies who sleep less than 12 hours are at increased risk for obesity later. If they don“t sleep enough and also watch two hours or more of TV a
41、day, they are at even greater risk. Some early interventions are already widely practiced. Doctors recommend that overweight women lose weight before pregnancy rather than after, to cut the risk of obesity and diabetes in their children; breast-feeding is also recommended to lower the obesity risk.
42、But weight or diet restrictions on young children have been avoided. “It used to be kind of taboo to label a child under 5 as overweight or obese, even if the child wasthe thinking was that it was too disgraceful,“ said Dr. Elsie M. Taveras of Harvard Medical School, lead author of a recent paper on
43、 racial difference in early risk factors. Scientists worry about what are called epigenetic changes. The genes inherited from mother and father may be turned on and off and the strength of their effects changed by environmental conditions in early development. Many doctors are concerned about women
44、being obese and unhealthy before pregnancy because, as they point out, the womb is the baby“s first environment. Experts say change may require abandoning some cherished cultural attitudes. “The idea that a big baby is a healthy baby, and a crying baby is probably a hungry baby who should be fed, ar
45、e things we really need to rethink,“ Dr. Birch said.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the measurements against childhood obesity?（分数：2.00）A.The supply of cupcakes has been stopped in schools.B.There are more salad bars in school cafeterias.C.Michelle O
46、bama gave a speech on the stopping childhood obesityD.The calories in drinks provided in schools have been greatly reduced.(2).Evidence shows that the earliest trend of obesity may start _.（分数：2.00）A.from kindergarten ageB.as early as infancy periodC.before birthD.as early as school age(3).The findi
47、ngs of studies include the followings EXCEPT _.（分数：2.00）A.although an obese baby looks cute, he or she may not be healthyB.if a mother smokes when she is bearing a baby, the baby is likely to get obese laterC.sleeping less than 12 hours and watching TV too much a day will probably lead to children o
48、besityD.smoking mothers will be more likely to give birth to obese babies(4).The phrase “epigenetic changes“ in Para. 5 most probably refers to _.（分数：2.00）A.the changes that happen to a child because of the genes of his/her parentsB.the changes that happen to a child because the environmental factor
49、s have changed the genes of his/her parentsC.the changes that are induced by either genes or environmental factors.D.the changes in a child brought about by the environmental factors in his/her process of growth(5).The main idea expressed in the passage is that _.（分数：2.00）A.obesity in children should be treated seriously and as early as possibleB.some traditional and cultural attitudes towards obese children should be changed as soon as possibleC.mothers should do whatever they can in pregnancy to prevent their children from getting ob
