1、考研英语-461 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Drug use is rising dramatically among the nation s youth after a decade of decline. From 1993 to 1994, marijuana use among young people (1) from 12 to 17 jumped 50 percent. One in five high school seniors (2) marijuana daily. Mo
2、nitoring the Future, which (3) student drug use annually, reports that negative attitudes about drugs have declined for the fourth year in a row. (4) young people see great risk in using drugs. Mood-altering pharmaceutical drugs are (5) new popularity among young people. Ritalin, (6) as a diet pill
3、in the 1970s and now used to (7) hyperactive children, has become a (8) drug on college campuses. A central nervous system (9) , Ritalin can cause strokes, hypertension, and seizures. Rohypnol, produced in Europe as a (10) tranquilizer, lowers inhibitions and suppresses short-term memory, which has
4、led to some women being raped by men they are going out with. (11) taken with alcohol, its effects are greatly (12) . Rock singer Kurt Cobain collapsed from an (13) of Rohypnol and champagne a month before he committed (14) in 1994. In Florida and Texas, Rohypnol has become widely abused among teens
5、, who see the drug as a less expensive (15) for marijuana and LSD. Alcohol and tobacco use is increasing among teenagers, (16) younger adolescents. Each year, more than one million teens become regular smokers, (17) they cannot legally purchase tobacco. By 12th grade, one in three students smokes. I
6、n 1995, one in five 14-year-olds reported smoking regularly, a 33 percent jump (18) 1991. Drinking among 14-year-olds climbed 50 percent from 1992 to 1994,and all teens reported substantial increases in (19) drinking. In 1995, one in five 10th graders reported having been drunk in the past 30 days.
7、Two-thirds of high school seniors say they know a (20) with a drinking problem.（分数：10.00）A.agedB.agingC.ageD.agesA.tastesB.smokesC.injectsD.takesA.studiesB.researchesC.surveysD.examinesA.MoreB.ManyC.FewerD.FewA.retainingB.attainingC.maintainingD.gainingA.describedB.prescribedC.inscribedD.instructedA
8、.treatB.cureC.diagnoseD.testA.amusingB.relaxingC.recreationalD.pleasantA.stimulusB.stimulantC.excitementD.encouragementA.validB.formalC.popularD.legalA.WhenB.AsC.ThoughD.WhileA.enlargedB.confirmedC.exaggeratedD.magnifiedA.overtakeB.overdoseC.abuseD.overuseA.murderB.crimeC.suicideD.killingA.substitut
9、eB.replacementC.exchangeD.interchangeA.speciallyB.particularlyC.mostlyD.actuallyA.even thoughB.as ifC.as long asD.as soon asA.inB.toC.sinceD.forA.seriousB.severeC.graveD.heavyA.studentB.manC.youthD.peer二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It may not have
10、generated much interest outside energy and investment circles, but a recent comment by Tidewater, Inc. president Dean Taylor sent earthquakes through the New Orleans business community. In June, Taylor told the Houston Chronicle that the international marine services company-the world s largest oper
11、ator of ships serving the offshore oil industry-was seriously considering moving its headquarters, along with scores of administrative jobs, from the Crescent City to Houston. “We have a lot of sympathy for the city,“ Taylor said. “But our shareholders don t pay us to have sympathy. They pay us to h
12、ave results for them. “It was the last thing the hurricane-scarred city needed to hear. Tidewater was founded here a little more than 50 years ago, and kept its main office in New Orleans throughout the oil bust of the 1980s and the following decades of industry consolidation, when dozens of energy
13、firms all but abandoned New Orleans for greener pastures on the Texas coast. In the nearly two years since Hurricane Katrina ravaged the city, the pace of exodus has accelerated, complicating New Orleans halting recovery; according to the local business weekly CityBusiness, the metropolitan area has
14、 lost 12 of the 23 publicly traded companies headquartered here, taking white-collar jobs, corporate community support and sorely needed taxpayers with them-and threatening to leave the city even more dependent on a tourism-based economy than it was before the storm.Making matters worse, some observ
15、ers say, is the city leadership s apparent indifference to the bloodletting. Just weeks after Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, Mayor Ray Nagin, then in the very early stages of a heated reelection bid, dismissed warnings that many companies, like displaced residents, might opt to relocate. Nagin sa
16、id he hoped they would stay. “But if they don t, “he said with typical glibness, “ Ill send them a postcard. “ The comment might have been written off as one of Nagin s many verbal missteps. But in the months that followed, the warnings turned out in many cases to be true, even as the city s rebuild
17、ing effort languished, infrastructure repairs limped along, the state reimbursement program for damaged homes faltered and the New Orleans infamous crime rate made a sickening comeback.New Orleans “ wasn t considered a great city for doing business before the storm. People were always dribbling out,
18、 “ says Peter Ricchiuti, a professor of economics at Tulane University. While many of the companies that made it through the storm could stand to benefit from the city s recovery, he says, Katrina may have hastened the loss of high-paying energy jobs. “We re losing the white-collar jobs and keeping
19、the blue-collar jobs,“ he says. “We re becoming much more of a blue-collar oil industry. “One of the latest examples is Chevron Corp., which is building new offices in the northern suburbs, 40 miles north of the city across Lake Pontchartrain, and plans to transfer 550 employees from New Orleans to
20、Covington by the end of the year. That would take well- paid people out of downtown New Orleans, a move that will impact the central business district s economy. “We made the decision in May, 2006, when our employees were making important housing decisions,“ says Qi Wilson, a Chevron spokesperson. T
21、he company, like many employees, decided the north shore offered better security should another hurricane strike, along with fewer of the post-Katrina headaches that still plague the city. The move “will make it easier to retain the talent we have, and to attract new talent,“ Wilson says.（分数：10.00）(
22、1).It can be inferred from the first paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.Dean Taylor is also famous outside energy and investment circles.B.shareholders are not paid to have sympathy.C.many companies are planning to move their offices into New Orleans.D.shareholders are more concerned with performance.(2).The
23、word “exodus“ ( paragraph 2) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.emigration.B.exit.C.hurricane.D.reconstruction.(3).Mayor Ray Nagin is quoted in the 3rd paragraph to（分数：2.00）A.stress the consequences of careless talking by politicians.B.show the local government s indifference to the exodus.C.illustrate t
24、he city s efforts in rebuilding their infrastructure.D.criticize his strange hobby of sending postcards to companies.(4).According to Peter Ricchiuti, New Orleans（分数：2.00）A.is often struck by hurricanes such as Katrina.B.no longer paid white collars as much as before.C.failed to recover from the sto
25、rm as planned.D.will lose more while-collar jobs in oil industry after the storm.(5).According to Wilson, Chevron intends to transfer its employees chiefly to（分数：2.00）A.find a safer place for both business and living.B.protect the company from other possible storms.C.maintain the number of their emp
26、loyees.D.downtown New Orleans is no longer a business center.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Sleep is a funny thing. We re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last m
27、onth reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke-probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously s
28、leep deprived. When I was training to become a doctor, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care.Maybe we shouldn t have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the Ame
29、rican Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don t think twice abou
30、t operating without enough sleep.“I could tell you horror stories,“ says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours, “one writes. “I lit
31、erally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound. “Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work,“ writes another. “I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a convenience store on the roadside, going 105kin/h. “Your
32、 own patients have become the enemy,“ writes a third,“ because they are the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep. “Agrawal s organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Mi
33、chigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York States regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit.Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but bel
34、ieves “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government. “The U. S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you re worried about the people treating you, you should feel free to ask how many hour
35、s of sleep they have had. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.In a recent scientific research, the scientists points out that someone who sleeps beyond the li
36、mit will probably not be in good health.B.In the United States, the doctors usually do not take their sleep problems seriously.C.Most doctors agree that the problems should be solved only by way of some compulsory means.D.The U. S. government has already restricted the doctors working hours.(2).In t
37、he last paragraph, the expression“, patients are on their own“ most probably means（分数：2.00）A.patients are alone when they are in hospital.B.patients will try their luck on their doctors health.C.patients will have some problems related to them, rather than other people.D.patients will make their dec
38、isions for themselves.(3).On Jaya Agrawal s website, what are the common responses to the doctors sleep problems?（分数：2.00）A.Most people insisted that the problems have nothing to do with the interests of the majority of people.B.People who posted their opinions on the website thought the results of
39、the problems would be too horribly to think.C.The internet-surfers believed that the government should regulate some laws to limit the doctors working hours.D.People advocated that the problems could merely be solved by the doctors conscience.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that（分数：2.00）A.th
40、e U. S. legislators are alarmed about sleep-deprived doctors.B.the doctors should sleep much more than the ordinary people.C.the U. S. government as well as many ordinary people never pays enough attention to the problems.D.at the very beginning, the doctors insist that their sleep problems will lea
41、d to serious consequences.(5).Who is well aware of the consequences of the doctors sleep problem and runs a website to raise the common people s awareness?（分数：2.00）A.The University of Buffalo.B.Jaya Agrawal.C.Dr. Charles Binkley.D.John Conyers Jr.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Some oil companies plan to ge
42、t rid of some of the pollution they produce by pumping it into rocks deep inside the Earth, where they say it will stay for thousands of years. Other people ,though, arent so sure this is advisable; environmental groups say that putting this pollution back into the Earth is a bad idea.When oil burns
43、, it doesn t just produce heat: it also produces carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a natural part of the air, but because people burn so much oil, there s too much carbon dioxide in the air. This extra carbon dioxide is pollution; some scientific studies show that carbon dioxide is one of the“ green
44、house gases“ that is causing the Earth s temperature to rise.Environmentalists say that the oil companies plans may not work. The oil companies say they are making sure that the gas will never escape, but environmentalists wonder how the oil companies can be so sure that the gas won t seep into the
45、air. They also point out that there s no way to check to make sure the gas isn t leaking. In addition, the environmentalists point out that the pumping costs money-for research and for equipment-that the oil companies should be spending on preventing pollution, rather than on just moving it someplac
46、e else.Another problem, say some people who are concerned about the Earth, is that if the oil companies find a cheap way to get rid of their pollution, they won t look for new kinds of energy. These environmentalists say that energy companies should be researching ways to use hydrogen, wind power, a
47、nd solar power instead of finding better ways to use oil. They argue that continuing to use oil means that we will still need to buy oil from other countries instead of producing our own cheap, clean energy.Environmentalists also say that burying pollution just pushes the problem into the future, ra
48、ther than really solving it. They say that if the oil companies pump carbon dioxide into the rocks inside the Earth, it will be there for thousands of years, and that no one knows if this plan-even if it works-might turn into a pollution problem for all of us in the future.The oil companies insist t
49、hat their plan is safe, and that putting the gas inside the Earth is a reasonable way to deal with it. They point out that there is a lot of room in the Earth for this extra gas, and that putting carbon dioxide inside the Earth means that the gas wont be in the air, and if it s not in the air, it won t make the Earth warmer.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, oil results in air pollution because（分数：2.00）A.it burns very easily and has a very awful smell.B.it produces too much heat that warm up the temperature.C.it emits too much ca
