1、考研英语-422 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Until the late 1940s, when television began finding its way into American homes, companies relied mainly on print and radio to promote their products and services. The advent of television (1) a revolution in product and service
2、. Between 1949 and 1951, advertising on television grew 960 percent. Today the Internet is once again (2) promotion. By going online, companies can communicate instantly and directly with prospective customers. (3) on the World Wide Web includes advertising, sponsorships, and sales promotions (4) sw
3、eepstakes, contests, coupons, and rebates. In 1996 World Wide Web advertising revenues (5) $ 300 million.Effective online marketers dont (6) transfer hard-copy ads to cyberspace. (7) sites blend promotional and non-promotional information indirectly delivering the advertising messages. To (8) visits
4、 to their sites and to create and (9) customer loyalty, companies change information frequently and provide many opportunities for (10) .A prototype for excellent (11) promotion is the Ragu Web site. Here visitors can find thirty-six pasta recipes, take Italian lessons, and view an Italian film fest
5、ival, (12) they will find no traditional ads. (13) subtle is the mix of product and promotion that visitors hardly know an advertising message has been (14) . Sega of America, maker of computer games and hardware, uses its Web site for a (15) of different promotions, such as (16) new game characters
6、 to the public and supplying Web surfers the opportunity to (17) games. Segas home page averages 250,000 visits a day. To heighten interest in the site, Sega bought an advertising banner on Netscape (18) increasing site visits by 15 percent. Online (19) in Quaker Oats Gatorade promotion received a f
7、ree T-shirt in exchange for answering a few questions. Quaker Oats reports that the online promotion created product (20) and helped the company know its customers better.（分数：10.00）A.brought downB.brought aboutC.brought outD.brought upA.transferringB.transformingC.transmittingD.transplantingA.Advert
8、isingB.MarketingC.SalesD.PromotionA.likeB.aboutC.asD.onA.arrivedB.toppedC.overcameD.descendedA.merelyB.virtuallyC.hardlyD.actuallyA.PiratingB.OptimisticC.SuccessfulD.LegitimateA.encourageB.frustrateC.temptD.commitA.devastateB.designateC.cultivateD.confirmA.interactionB.assimilationC.differentiationD
9、.collaborationA.internetB.onlineC.currentD.predominantA.thoughB.forC.butD.whileA.SinceB.HoweverC.SuchD.SoA.propagatedB.advertisedC.deliveredD.affectedA.varietyB.coupleC.monotoneD.sectionA.discoveringB.introducingC.raisingD.creatingA.exchangeB.purchaseC.downloadD.acquireA.therebyB.thoughC.nonetheless
10、D.hereafterA.customersB.addictsC.participantsD.marketersA.loyaltyB.creditC.prestigeD.diversity二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The history of the computer in the twentieth century is one of dramatic adaptation and expansion. The computer had modest be
11、ginnings in areas where it was used as a specialist tool. The first electronic computer was built in the 1930s and was solely for the use of undergraduate students in Iowa State University to handle mathematical computations in nuclear physics. In the 1960s an early version of the Internet, ARPPANET
12、 was used in computer science and engineering projects. However, only 10 years later computers were starting to change our life style, the way we do business and many other things and by the late 1980s networks were expanding to embrace sections of the general public.Computerization has changed US h
13、igh school education in many ways. Three different changes that consider being important. The first is the use of the computer as teaching aid for teachers. The next is the massive data storage and fast data retrieval facilitated by computer. Then comes the changes brought about by the introduction
14、of simulation software.How prevalent is the use of computers in schools! As recently as the early 1980s only 20% of secondary science teachers in the USA were using microcomputers. However, since then high schools in the US have computerized rapidly. By 1987, schools had acquired about 1.5 million c
15、omputers with 95% of public schools having at least one computer. Computers can be used as teaching aids both in schools and in homes. In schools, for example, teachers can plug a computer into an especially equipped overhead projector to bring texts, graphics, sound and videos into a classroom. By
16、these multimedia computer animations, teachers can more readily attract and retain students attention. Ann concludes that computer aided teaching can attract and motivate students who were dropping out when more traditional methods were being used.Let us now turn to the Internet. This is a global ne
17、twork connecting many local networks. Over the Internet, high school students can retrieve information and databases from every networked library around the world in seconds. The World Wide Web provides an easy way to access hard-to-find information. Students can now reach any library through the gl
18、obal network and find what they want. The final step is to download the scanned image. Though the slow transmission of signal through the network is a major limiting factor, it can still save us much time in finding useful information, and thus it is an invaluable tool to both high school teachers a
19、nd students.（分数：10.00）(1).The main point of paragraph 1 is to（分数：2.00）A.outline the main causes of computerization.B.outline the main consequences of computerization.C.give background information on computerization.D.give the authors viewpoint on computerization.(2).The word “facilitated“ ( line 3,
20、paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.caused.B.developed.C.assisted.D.fascinated.(3).Computerization in school education seems to be（分数：2.00）A.yielding positive results.B.distracting the students attention.C.reducing the number of school dropouts.D.relieving the burden of the traditional t
21、eachers.(4).According to the passage, the major advantage of the Internet is（分数：2.00）A.its convenience in obtaining information.B.its wide and cheap access around the world.C.its ability to process information.D.its adaptability to computer hardware.(5).The authors attitude towards computerization s
22、eems to be（分数：2.00）A.indifferent.B.suspicious.C.biased.D.supportive.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“WHATS the difference between God and Larry Ellison?“ asks an old software industry joke. Answer: God doesnt think hes Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a repu
23、tation for being rather keen on himself. Indeed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the cult of the celebrity chief executive seemed to demand bossly narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero.Narcissus met a nasty end, of
24、course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business. In his management bestseller, “Good to Great“, Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the serf-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful,
25、monkish sorts who lead by inspiring example.A statistical answer may be at hand. For the first time, a new study, “Its All About Me“, to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses ha
26、ve on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper levels of 105 firms in the computer and software industries.To do this, they bad to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have hitherto relied o
27、n surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the bosss photo in
28、the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his “Whos Who“ entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firms second-highest paid executive.Narcissism naturally drives p
29、eople to seek positions of power and influence, and because great self-esteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. How does that affect a firm? Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly nar
30、cissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in spending and leverage; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions; and their results were both more extreme (more big wins or big losses) and more transient than t
31、hose of firms run by their humbler peers. For shareholders, that could be good or bad.Although (oddly) the authors are keeping their narcissism ranking secret, they have revealed that Mr Ellison did not come top. Alas for him, that may be because the study limited itseff to people who became the bos
32、s after 1991-well after he took the helm. In every respect Mr Ellison seems to be the classic narcissistic boss, claims Mr Chatterjee. There is life in the old joke yet.（分数：10.00）(1).The old software industry joke is used in the text to（分数：2.00）A.show the difference between God and Larry Ellison.B.e
33、mphasize the success of the boss of Oracle.C.illustrate how chief executives manage their companies.D.introduce the topic of narcissism on top managerial level.(2).Jim Collins seems to believe that truly successful managers（分数：2.00）A.should encourage the staff by setting up examples.B.should not be
34、regarded as stars by their employees.C.should ban boss-worship in the companies they lead.D.should be as humble as possible in their company.(3).A practical problem with the “Its all about me“ study is that（分数：2.00）A.the survey takes too much time to be completed.B.the subjects for the survey may no
35、t be very cooperative.C.the bosses who are narcissistic are likely to tell lies to the surveyors.D.the six available indicators require the co-operation of the bosses.(4).According to the researchers, compared with humbler managers, narcissistic bosses are more likely to（分数：2.00）A.have faster profes
36、sional advances.B.draw attention from the general population.C.dramatize the changes in their companies.D.use resources of the company in extreme ways.(5).We can infer from the passage that（分数：2.00）A.the results of the new study has already been publicized.B.the researchers think Mr. Ellison is more
37、 classic than narcissistic.C.the joke about Mr. Ellison is actually adapted from real life.D.the ranking might be different if the survey focused on an earlier period.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The human Y chromosome-the DNA chunk that makes a man a manhas lost so many genes over evolutionary time that
38、 some scientists have suspected it might disappear in 10 million years. But a new study says itll stick around.Researchers found no sign of gene loss over the past 6 million years, suggesting the chromosome is “doing a pretty good job of maintaining itself,“ said researcher David Page of the Whitehe
39、ad Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Mass.That agrees with prior mathematical calculations that suggested the rate of gene loss would slow as the chromosome evolved, Page and study co-authors note in Thursdays issue of the journal Nature. And, they say, it clashes with what Page called
40、 the “imminent demise“ idea that says the Y chromosome is doomed to extinction.The Y appeared 300 million years ago and has since eroded into a dinky chromosome, because it lacks the mechanism other chromosomes have to get rid of damaged DNA. So mutations have disabled hundreds of its original genes
41、, causing them to be shed as useless. The Y now contains only 27 genes or families of virtually identical genes.In 2003, Page reported that the modern-day Y has an unusual mechanism to fix about half of its genes and protect them from disappearing. But he said some scientists disagreed with his conc
42、lusion. The new paper focuses on a region of the Y chromosome where genes cant be fixed that way.Researchers compared the human and chimpanzee versions of this region. Humans and chimps have been evolving separately for about 6 million years, so scientists reasoned that the comparisons would reveal
43、genes that have become disabled in one species or the other during that time.They found five such genes on the chimp chromosome, but none on the human chromosome, an imbalance Page called surprising. “It looks like there has been little if any gene loss in our own species lineage in the last 6 milli
44、on years,“ Page said. That contradicts the idea that the human Y chromosome has continued to lose genes so fast itll disappear in 10 million years, he said. “I think we can with confidence dismiss . the imminent demise theory,“ Page said.Jennifer A. Marshall Graves of the Australian National Univers
45、ity in Canberra, a gene researcher who argues for eventual extinction of the Y chromosome, called Pages work “beautiful“ but said it didnt shake her conviction that the Y is doomed.The only real question is when, not if, the Y chromosome disappears, she said. “It could be a lot shorter than 10 milli
46、on years, but it could be a lot longer,“ she said.The Y chromosome has already disappeared in some other animals, and “theres no reason to expect it cant happen to humans,“ she said. If it happened in people, some other chromosome would probably take over the sex-determining role of the Y, she said.
47、（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first 3paragraphs that（分数：2.00）A.the human Y chromosome has stopped evolution.B.a man will no longer be a man in 10 million years.C.scientists are divided on the latest issue of Y chromosome.D.mathematical calculations are important in genetic studies.(2).Pa
48、ge seems to believe that（分数：2.00）A.the gene loss of Y chromosome is sure and fast.B.the gene loss of Y chromosome is quite slow.C.the Y chromosome is facing “imminent demise“.D.the Y chromosome will be replaced by a new one.(3).The word “dinky“ (line 1, paragraph 4) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.dir
49、ty.B.tricky.C.mal-functional.D.defective.(4).Jennifer seems to believe that（分数：2.00）A.the extinction of Y chromosome is inevitable.B.Pages research is more beautiful than hers.C.the “imminent demise“ theory is nonsense.D.whether Y chromosome will disappear is uncertain.(5).The authors attitude towards the Y chromosome issue seems to be（分数：2.00）A.optimistic.B.confusing.C.panicked.D.objective.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)LAST month, Americas National Law Journal told its readers that “employment lawyers are warning lovestruck co-workers to take precautions in the
