1、考研英语-106 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SIIEET 1.What can be said of the normal process of aging, from a linguistic point of view? In generalU (1) /U, th
2、ere is a clear andU (2) /Urelationship: no-one would have much difficultyU (3) /Ua baby, a young child, a teenager, a middle-aged person, or a very old person from a tape recording. With children,U (4) /Uis possible for specialists in language development, and people experiencedU (5) /Uchild care, t
3、o make very detailedU (6) /Uabout how language correlates with age in the early years.U (7) /Uis known about the patterns of linguistic change that affect older people. It is plain that our voice quality, vocabulary, and style alterU (8) /Uwe grow older, but research (9) the nature of these changes
4、is in its earliest stages. However. a certain amount ofU (10) /Uis available about the production andU (11) /Uof spoken language by very old people, especially regarding the phonetic changes that take place.Speech isU (12) /Uto be affected by reductions in theU (13) /Uof the vocal organs. The muscle
5、s of the chestU (14) /U, the lungs become less elastic, the ribsU (15) /Umobile: as a result, respiratory efficiency at age 75 is only about halfU (16) /Uat age 30, and this hasU (17) /Ufor the ability to speak loudly, rhythmically, and with good tone In addition, speech is affected by poorer moveme
6、nt of the soft palate and changes in the facial skeleton, especially around the mouth and jaw. There are other, more general signs of age. Speech rate slows, and fluency may be more erratic. HearingU (18) /U, especially after the early fifties. WeakeningU (19) /Uof memory and attention may affect th
7、e ability to comprehend complex speech patterns. But it isU (20) /Uall had news: vocabulary awareness may continue to grow, as may stylistic abilityskills in narration, for example. And grammatical ability seems to be little affected.（分数：10.00）A.speechB.termsC.waysD.casesA.obscureB.unmistakableC.una
8、cceptableD.backwardA.identifyingB.seeingC.tellingD.hearingA.whatB.thisC.oneD.itA.ofB.withC.inD.forA.decisionsB.determinationC.predictionsD.judgmentsA.FewB.NothingC.LittleD.MuchA.becauseB.thatC.whereD.asA.intoB.ofC.atD.overA.messageB.informationC.researchD.confirmationA.editionB.reasonC.comprehension
9、D.causeA.ableB.thereC.thereforeD.likelyA.effectB.voiceC.efficiencyD.soundA.weakenB.increasesC.stopsD.breaksA.becomeB.lessC.axeD.neitherA.efficientB.existenceC.remainingD.thatA.subsequencesB.disadvantagesC.consequencesD.advantagesA.damagesB.breaks downC.deterioratesD.put offA.facultiesB.departmentsC.
10、patternsD.authorityA.thatB.notC.clearlyD.nor二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.BText 1/B“Equal Justice Under Law, reads the motto atop the U.S. Suprem
11、e Court building. The words am lofty, but for the thousands of people who trudge through the criminal-justice system daily and who speak no English, the phrase means legally nothing. For many of these defendants, the words are also legally empty. American justice for those who do not comprehend Engl
12、ish is “anything but uniform, let alone understandable. There are no nationwide standards for court interpreters, little training and virtually no monitoring. “Everybody gets a piece of due process,“ says David Fellmeth, a senior court interpreter in New York city. “But how big a piece depends on th
13、e interpreter.“Horror stories regularly fill court dockets. In a New York federal court, a translated undercover wire quotes a Cuban defendant: “I don t even have the ten kilos.“ The defendant means kilos of currency (Cuban cents), but the translated statement suggests kilograms of drugs. In a New J
14、ersey homicide trial, the prosecutor asks whether the testimony of a witness is lengthier than the translation. “Yes,“ responds the Polish interpreter, “but everything else was not important.“Congress tried to surmount the language barriers in the federal courts by passing legislation eleven years a
15、go authorizing Government-paid interpreters for those who do not speak English. So far, though, only 308 people have passed the rigorous Spanish-only federal certification processa cadre far too small to handle the 43,000 annual requests for interpreters in 60 languages. The situation in the states
16、is breaker. Last year Cook County, IH, processed 40,000 requests, and the New York courts sought out interpreters 250 times a day. As in the federal system, Spanish is the language most in demand.Only a handful of states test their interpreters for language skills. Thus in many local courts, transla
17、tion may be a free-lance project for the secretary who speaks a little French or a favor requested from a relative of the defendant. “A family member is the worst person you can use,“ says Maureen Dunn, an interpreter for the deaf. “They have their own side of the story, and they add and omit things
18、.“ Besides, interpretation is a sophisticated art. It demands not only a broad vocabulary and instant recall but also the ability to reproduce tone and nuance and a good working knowledge of street slang. “Most people believe that if you are bilingual, you can interpret,“ says Jack Leeth of the Admi
19、nistrative Office of the U.S. Courts. “Thats about as true as saying that if you have two hands, you can automatically be a concert pianist.“Professional interpreters are among the first to admit the sad state of translation in the courts. They are often relegated to clerical status, with low pay, a
20、nd asked to work without time to prepare. Says New York interpreter Gabriel Felix: “We could use a central administrator, dictionaries and in some courts a place to hang our coats, a chair and a desk. “Some jurisdictions are trying to make improvements. New York and New Jersey are broadening their t
21、esting and sending their interpreters to school for further training. The Federal Government is working on new requirements for Navajo and Haitian-Creole interpreters. And in Los Angeles a federal lawsuit is demanding certified interpreters in immigration proceedings. For now, however, the quality o
22、f court interpreting around the country depends on the luck of the draw.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the passage mainly about?（分数：2.00）A.In the U.S. the phrase “Equal Justice Under Law“ is nothing but a lie.B.In the U.S. court interpreters play a important role in legal suits,C.In the U.S. there is great s
23、hortage of qualified court interpreters.D.In the U.S. there s no justice toward the people who speak no English.(2).What can you conclude from the last sentence of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Court interpreters are very important to those who speak no English involved in legal suits.B.Court interpreters
24、decide the length of the sentence of those who speak no English involved in legal suits.C.Justice in the court depends on court interpreters.D.Whether the case is big or not is court interpreters choice.(3).The two examples in Paragraph 2 are cited to prove_.（分数：2.00）A.court interpreters have no res
25、ponsibility.B.court interpreters are incompetent.C.court interpreters are clever and flexible.D.court interpreters are imaginative.(4).According to the passage, a court interpreter should have all the following qualities except_.（分数：2.00）A.a broad horizonB.being quick-wittedC.being able to reproduce
26、 the tone and nuanceD.a good working knowledge of slang(5).Which of the following statement is true, according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The shortage of court .interpreters enables them to earn high salary.B.Court interpreters are reluctant to tell people their plight.C.Court interpreters usually re
27、ceive good training.D.There is no uniform standard for court interpreters.BText 2/BAfter decades of exile from U.S. courts, the science of lie detection is gaining new acceptance. But the federal government wants to put a stop to it, and the U.S. Supreme Court has now agreed to consider a request fr
28、om the Department of Justice to bar the technology from military courts.Uncertainties surround the science of lie detection, which uses a device called polygraph. In 1991 President George Bush banned lie detector evidence in military courts. But that ban has since been overturned by the U.S. Court o
29、f Military Appeals, which ruled that it restricts defendants rights to present evidence of their innocence.In the past two years, some federal courts have also ruled that polygraph evidence can be heard. This follows a decision by the Supreme Court in 1993 that gave federal judges more discretion to
30、 decide on the admissibility of evidence.A polygraph consists of monitors for pulse rate, sweating and breathing rate. The device is supposed to uncover lies by recording increases in these measures as the subject answers questions.Critics have always argued that cunning defendants can control their
31、 physiological responses and sway polygraph results. But supporters of the technique argue that recent research has found it to be reliable. A psychologist named Charles Honts at a state university in Idaho, points to lab oratory studies, some of them being his own, in which student-subjects were of
32、fered cash to sway the test results.This argument is rejected by Leonard Saxe, a psychologist at a Boston university. “There is a huge difference between students in a lab and a defendant,“ he says. Guilty defendants have time in which to rehearse their lies, and can even come to believe them to be
33、true.Saxe believes that the entire theoretical basis of lie detection is invalid. “It assumes you will be more nervous lying than telling the truth.“ But he says that for some people lies are trivial, while certain truth can be hard to swallow.David Faigrnan of the University of California says that
34、 if the Supreme Court upholds the military appeal courts decision to allow polygraph evidence, polygraph bans. would be overturned in federal courts across U. S. “That will put a big burden on judges to understand the science, and lead to a lot more expert testimony in the courts,“ he predicts. The
35、justice department fears that this will greatly increase the cost of trials.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, which organization raised the proposal to stop the practice of lie detection evidence in military court?（分数：2.00）A.Federal Government.B.U.S. Supreme Court.C.Department of Justice.D.Mil
36、itary Courts.(2).Why has President Bushs ban on lie detector evidence in military courts in 1991 been over-turned?（分数：2.00）A.Because lie detection is surrounded by uncertainties.B.Because it restricts the defendant rights to prove that they are innocent.C.Bemuse 12 U.S. states also allow lie detecti
37、on evidence to be heard in courts.D.Because federal judges from the Supreme Court make their decisions on the basis of lie detection.(3).A lie detector finds out that the subject is telling a lie_.（分数：2.00）A.by detecting and analyzing the subjects physical changesB.by increasing the subjects pulse r
38、ate, sweating and breathing rateC.by analyzing the answers on the subject to certain questionsD.All of the above(4).What do Charles Honts laboratory studies suggest?（分数：2.00）A.Highly-educated college students can beat the polygraph.B.College students do not want to heat the polygraph.C.Polygraph is
39、reliable.D.Polygraph failed to detect the lies of college students.(5).Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Lie detection evidence has been barred in U.S. military courts since President Bush banned it in 1991.B.Really guilty defendants are cleverer than coll
40、ege students.C.Leonard Saxe believes that people are more nervous lying than telling the truth.D.David Faigman is against the use of lie detection evidence in U.S. courts.BText 3/BImagine that you are in hospital, waiting to have an operation. It is time to go to the theatre; the anesthetist approac
41、hes you and speaks. But instead of the reassuring words“ Im just going to give you something to send you off to sleep“, you hear: “Let me take you on a trip towards death“. Terrifying? Maybe, but that is what having a general anesthetic is all about. “If you give a small amount of an anesthetic drug
42、, it won t have any effect. If you give more, it will put the patient off to sleep, but if you give more still it can kill the patient.“In a modem hospital, before you are given an anesthetic, an anesthetist asks you a number of questions to decide which drugs to use. Most importantly, they check th
43、e state of your heart and lungs and ask if you have asthma, angina or have ever had a heart attack. They want to know about any drugs you are taking, so that they do not give you an anesthetic that reacts badly with them, and they will also find out if you have any allergies.As well as putting you t
44、o sleep, the anesthetist is also responsible for controlling your pain. Then how can the anesthetist tell that they have put their patients far enough under? Mostly, by experience. There is no such thing as an awareness monitor, though all the patients body functions, such as heart rate, gases going
45、 in and out and oxygen levels in the blood, are monitored. If the anesthetic is not deep enough and the patient becomes “light, the monitors should tell the anesthetist that something is wrong long before the patient becomes aware. This is why the anesthetist watches the patient carefully throughout
46、 the operation. At the end of your operation, the anesthetic is mined off.It might seem surprising that the anesthetist is often the unsung hero of the operating thestre. Many people, including some nursing staff, do not realize that the anesthetist first has to qualify as a doctor. They then take t
47、hree further examinations to qualify as anesthetists because of the number of things they have to take into account when carrying out their workThey do not simply need to know about the drugs they use; they must also know about all the other drugs on the market so that they can avoid dangerous inter
48、actions. They have to keep abreast of any new surgical technique, to make sure they give an appropriate anesthetic for any operation.The “journey towards death“ has come a long way. But one fascinating fact remains: whether it is ether or a complex cocktail being used to “put someone to sleep“: no o
49、ne yet knows exactly how anesthetics work.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word “theatre“ (Sentence 2, Paragraph 1) probably mean ?（分数：2.00）A.a cinema in a hospitalB.a place where plays are on showC.an operating momD.a room where an anesthetic is given(2).“Let me take you on a trip towards death.“ (Sentence 3, Paragraph 1) indicates _.（分数：2.00）A.gener
