1、考研英语(一)-544 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Just because more men pursue careers in science and engineering does not mean they are actually better at math than women are. The 1 is that men think they are much better at math than they really are. Women, 2 , tend to accu
2、rately estimate their arithmetic prowess, says Shane Bench of Washington State University in the U. S., leader of a study in Springer“s journal Sex Roles . There is a 3 gap between the number of men and women who choose to study and follow careers in the so-called STEM 4 of science, technology, engi
3、neering and mathematics in the U. S. This is true 5 women outperform their male 6 on mathematical tests in elementary school. Bench“s study examined how people“s biases and 7 experiences about their mathematical abilities make them more or less 8 to consider pursuing math-related courses and careers
4、. Gender gaps in STEM fields are not necessarily the result of women“s 9 their abilities, but rather may be due to men“s overestimating their abilities, 10 Bench. His team also found that women who had more positive past experiences 11 mathematics tended to rate their numerical abilities higher than
5、 they really were. This 12 the value of positively reinforcing a woman“s knack for mathematics 13 at a young age. “Despite 14 that realism and objectivity are always best in 15 the self and making decisions, positive illusions about math abilities may be 16 to women pursuing math courses and careers
6、,“ says Bench. “Such positive illusions could 17 to protect women“s self-esteem 18 lower-than-desired performance, leading women to 19 to pursue courses in STEM fields and ultimately 20 their skills.“（分数：10.00）A.variationB.differenceC.distinctionD.alterationA.on the other handB.on the wholeC.more or
7、 lessD.once upon a timeA.seizableB.considerateC.worthwhileD.sizeableA.aspectsB.territoriesC.fieldsD.prospectsA.what ifB.even thoughC.no wonderD.if onlyA.rivalsB.partnersC.opponentsD.counterpartsA.previousB.indifferentC.frustratingD.painfulA.lovelyB.friendlyC.livelyD.likelyA.undertakingB.underestimat
8、ingC.understatingD.understandingA.contendsB.arguesC.explainsD.exclaimsA.withB.onC.atD.byA.overweightsB.overtakesC.highlightsD.hijacksA.speciallyB.especiallyC.essentiallyD.potentiallyA.situationsB.suggestionsC.assurancesD.assumptionsA.evaluatingB.gradingC.examiningD.rankingA.healthyB.wholesomeC.benef
9、icialD.nutritiousA.behaveB.simulateC.functionD.labourA.despiteB.saveC.exceptD.fromA.keepB.postponeC.sustainD.continueA.progressB.improveC.acquireD.change二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As you try to imagine yourself cruising along in the self-driving
10、 car of the future, you may think first of the technical challenges. But the more difficult challenges may have to do with ethics. Recent advances in artificial intelligence are enabling the creation of systems capable of independently pursuing goals in complex, real-world settingsoften among and ar
11、ound people. Serf-driving cars are merely the vanguard of an approaching fleet of equally autonomous devices. As these systems increasingly invade human domains, the need to control what they are permitted to do, and on whose behalf, will become more acute. Within the next few decades, our stores, s
12、treets and sidewalks will likely be crammed with robotic devices fetching and delivering goods of every variety. How do we ensure that they respect the unstated conventions that people unconsciously follow when navigating in crowds? A debate may erupt over whether we should share our turf with machi
13、nes or banish them to separate facilities. Will it be “Integrate Our Androids!“ or “Ban the Bots!“ And far more serious issues are on the horizon. Should it be permissible for an autonomous military robot to select its own targets? The current consensus in the international community is that such we
14、apons should be under “meaningful human control“ at all times, but even this seemingly sensible constraint is ethically muddled. The expanded use of such robots may reduce military and civilian casualties and avoid collateral damage. So how many people“s lives should be put at risk waiting for a hum
15、an to review a robot“s time-critical kill decision? Even if we can codify our principles and beliefs algorithmically, that won“t solve the problem. Simply programming intelligent systems to obey rules isn“t sufficient, because sometimes the right thing to do is to break those rules. Blindly obeying
16、a posted speed limit of 55 miles an hour may be quite dangerous, for instance, if traffic is averaging 75, and you wouldn“t want your self-driving car to strike a pedestrian rather than cross a double-yellow centerline. People naturally abide by social conventions that may be difficult for machines
17、to perceive, much less follow. Finding the right balance between our personal interests and the needs of othersor society in general-is a finely calibrated human instinct, driven by a sense of fairness, reciprocity and common interest. Today“s engineers, racing to bring these remarkable devices to m
18、arket, are ill-prepared to design social intelligence into a machine. Their real challenge is to create civilized robots for a human world.（分数：10.00）(1).Self-driving cars are an example of _.（分数：2.00）A.future civilized robotsB.intruders with technical challengesC.robotic devices with social intellig
19、enceD.smart devices actually challenging ethics(2).The robot“s controlled selection of its own targets is ethically confusing because _.（分数：2.00）A.the number of lives lost will be reduced when robots wait for a human“s reviewB.the human control over autonomous robots affect their working efficiencyC
20、.the duration for reviewing the kill decision will put many people in dangerD.the wider use of such weapons will cause more deaths(3).It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _.（分数：2.00）A.it is impossible to let robots follow traffic rulesB.crossing a double-yellow centerline is passableC.it is out
21、of the question to codify human“s principles algorithmicallyD.breaking rules could be permissible in urgent cases(4).Which is true according to the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Human instinct tends to chase after intelligent machines.B.Engineers are likely to provide machines with social intelligence.C
22、.Robots still have a long distance to go to own human“s social intelligence.D.Perceiving social conventions is as easy as following them.(5).What is the best title of this text?（分数：2.00）A.Artificial Intelligence In ReviewB.Can We Create an Ethical Robot?C.Real Challenges to HumanD.Which to Choose, F
23、ollow or Break?五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Marketplace or peer-to-peer (P2P) lending matches borrowers and lenders on low-cost online platforms. By skirting banks, P2P lending allows borrower and lender alike to achieve better rates of interest. Essentially, P2P lending is a way of capitalising on the n
24、etwork effect of social media and the volumes of data generated therein to allow cheaper access to capital. According to Liberum, P2P lending in the UK will grow at 98 percent year-on-year in 2015, with 3.5 billion presently lent out. Worldwide in 2015, it“s estimated that $ 77 billion will be lent
25、via P2P platforms$ 60 billion China, $12 billion USA and $ 5 billion UK. Morgan Stanley“s Huw Steenis says, “While marketplace lending is still about 1 percent of unsecured consumer and SME lending in the US, we think it can reach approximately 10 percent by 2020. We forecast the global market to gr
26、ow to $150-$ 490 billion by 2020.“ As Liberum“s Cormac Leech says, “We are witnessing the biggest changes to the banking sector for 400 years.“ P2P lending offers huge opportunities, mainly at the expense of banks, whose biggest margins are traditionally in unsecured lending. Herein is the layer of
27、fat P2P platforms guzzling, picking off the banks“ best customers. P2P platforms have also proved superior at harvesting and managing big data, and have lower cost bases than banks. A significant development is that institutional money is now alighting. The institutional P2P lender, P2P Global Inves
28、tment PLC, floated in London last year. It has raised nearly 500m and aims to double that this year. As a reward for lofting “transformational“ amounts of cash on to various platforms, P2P Global has been accumulating warrants and options on their equity, notably Ratesetter, Zopa, Direct Money and L
29、ending Works. In a twist to this development, Neil Woodford, Britain“s most famous fund manager, recently upped his stake in P2P Global. Last August Woodford sold out of a bank, fearing “fine inflation“. This seems a ringing endorsement of this disruptive but nascent sector. Perhaps most significant
30、ly, in May this year, Zopa, the P2P platform, announced its debut in secured (most P2P lending is unsecured) lending by collaborating with Uber. Of course, the sector presents risks. The credit dries up when interest rates rise. A P2P platform may go bust. But some investors, refugees from the banki
31、ng sector perhaps, will simply like the idea of being on the right side of regulatory and technological upheaval. And when the banks finally twig , how will they react? Who knows. So far, none of them have.（分数：10.00）(1).The biggest change brought about by P2P lending to banking is probably _.（分数：2.0
32、0）A.it will take the place of banks in fundraising sooner or laterB.it will increase its proportion in the world market astonishinglyC.China has lent out more money than USA and UKD.Global Investment PLC floated in London last year(2).Compared with banks, P2P platforms are better at _.（分数：2.00）A.col
33、lecting and processing big dataB.attracting all lending costumersC.attracting secured lending costumersD.transferring institutional money(3).The example of Woodford is to show _.（分数：2.00）A.banks“ counter attackB.his distaste to the banksC.P2P“s positive positionD.his dislike to P2P Global(4).The aut
34、hor may agree that _.（分数：2.00）A.P2P lending has no risk whateverB.banks have come up with ideas dealing with P2P lendingC.banks are faced with a gloomy futureD.exceptional investment on P2P lending is sort of irrational(5).The word “twig“ (Line 3, Para. 6) is closest in meaning to _.（分数：2.00）A.dry u
35、pB.realizeC.go bustD.regret六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)There is nothing quite like falling in love. The palms sweat, the heart races. But time passes, and, nights of endless passion are replaced with snoring. Studies show that married couples can expect around two years of the passionate stuff, and then
36、 decades of a companionable slog. So why get married at all? Why not just look for the next dopamine hit? It is a good question. Many are clearly asking it, as nearly nine in ten people live in a country with a falling marriage rate. In search of answers, Aziz Ansari, an American comedian, teamed up
37、 with Eric Klinenberg, a sociologist at New York University, to write Modern Romance, a lively look at love, marriage and the oddities of mating in the 21st century. The pursuit of love has never before involved so many choices, with so many new-fangled tools and such high expectations. Dating apps
38、and social networking sites ensure that anyone with a smartphone can sample from a seemingly endless buffet of romantic prospects. This makes being single more enjoyable, but also more stressful. Digital wooing helps people to behave like scoundrels. Among the hundreds of people interviewed for Mode
39、rn Romance , many admitted to becoming addicted to dating sites. One woman confessed to having hunted for better-looking alternatives while enroute to a first date. Others talked about the ease of starting affairs or snooping on partners. Countless women complained of receiving messages from aspirin
40、g Lotharios that ranged from lewd to asinine. Requests to “hang out“ do not make the heart go aflutter. The book treads more novel territory when it considers mating rites farther afield. In Qatar, where the only way for a woman to leave her family“s home is “to get married or die“ (in the words of
41、one woman), the Internet affords more freedom to socialise away from prying eyes. In Japan, where a sluggish economy has left men feeling more insecure, few can pluck up the nerve to ask women out. This has ensured a booming “relationship replacement“ industry, in which women are paid to serve drink
42、s and listen attentively. Readers should not expect a serious work of sociology, but a breezy survey of the relevant research. But when it comes to the question of marriage, Mr. Ansari reaches a satisfying conclusion. Certainly, fewer people are tying the knot, in part because fewer people need to,
43、and the plethora of potential mates raises the opportunity cost of choosing one. But people in good marriages statistically live longer, happier and healthier lives. The passion may burn up, but a more stable, more trusting love takes its placeand this kind of love only gets stronger with time.（分数：1
44、0.00）(1).Today“s complicated situation of hunting for love is _.（分数：2.00）A.thanks to the universal InternetB.from human“s desire for passion and loveC.because of the new culture of 21th centuryD.due to the easiness of dating with others(2).The interviews for Modern Romance reveal _.（分数：2.00）A.the en
45、dless pursuit for lasting loveB.the admissible scandals of digital addictsC.the worrying aspect of the online dating sitesD.the woman“s excitement about dating online(3).The reason why Japanese men don“t have courage dating with women is that _.（分数：2.00）A.they have more dating rites to treadB.they l
46、ike “relationship replacement“ betterC.going out with Qatar“s females is preferableD.the inactive economy lets them down(4).“Tying the knot“ in the last paragraph probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.getting marriedB.dating in a traditional wayC.falling in loveD.giving up the dopamine hit(5).According to the
47、 author, the book Modern Romance is really _.（分数：2.00）A.academicB.skin-deepC.inaccurateD.perplexing七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Anthropologists have long speculated that early humans may have mated with Neanderthals, but the latest study provides the strongest evidence so far, suggesting that such encoun
48、ters took place around 60,000 years ago in the Middle East. Small, pioneering groups of modern humans began to leave Africa 80,000 years ago and reached land occupied by the Neanderthals as they spread into Eurasia. The two may have lived alongside each other in small groups until the Neanderthals d
49、ied out 30,000 years ago. Scientists led by Svante took four years to sequence the whole Neanderthal genome from powdered bone fragments taken from three females who lived in Europe 40,000 years ago. To see how similar the Neanderthal was to modern humans, the team compared the ancient DNA with the genomes of five people from France, China, southern Africa, western Africa and Papua New Guinea. The study is the first to attempt a whole-genome comparison between Neanderthals and modern humans. The researchers found that m
