1、湖北大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 2011年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the childs individual personality, ch
2、aracteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easy-going, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in
3、general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easy-going, relaxed child learn t
4、o cope with adversity. There is some relationship between age and childrens charateristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to div
5、orce cannot be distributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8. and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection. Gender of the child is also a
6、factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adj
7、ustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood.
8、How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained? The greater male agression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular
9、need for a strong male model of self- control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers. （
10、分数：8.00）(1).It is hard for temperamental, irritable kids to adapt to parental divorce because _. （分数：2.00）A.they are too much disrupted by the life changeB.the family breakup makes them feel very sensitiveC.the great stress of their families diminishes their abilityD.they encounter more parents figh
11、ts than the easy-going children(2).The following statements are true EXCEPT _. （分数：2.00）A.a six-year-old boy may feel being deserted by his parentsB.divorce is usually caused by more than one reasonC.a young girl may feel more shameful on parental divorce than an older boyD.as the kids grow older, t
12、hey have a better understanding of divorce(3).Why does parental divorce have greater effects on boys than on girls according to the author? （分数：2.00）A.Because all cultures tolerate male agression and noncompliance.B.Because boys are basically more self-disciplined than girls.C.Because males are usua
13、lly viewed as the models in self-controlD.Because boys are always involved in their parents fights.(4).What does the passage mainly convey to the readers? （分数：2.00）A.Kids of different ages behave differntly facing parental divorce.B.The impact of divorce on kids varies in personality, age and gender
14、.C.Boys may become more aggressive than girls in disrupted families.D.Parental divorce has a negative effect on children all through their lives.Government is an institution resulting from mans group way of life which maintains a set of social controls in order to prevent chaos. In a small, homogene
15、ous, simple society, these social controls can be imposed and enforced by the family or clan. But in a large, heterogeneous complex society, the institution of government takes over this function. For purposes of analysis, social control may be divided into moral control and political control. Moral
16、 control derives from the internalized beliefs and values of a society and regulations, each individuals behavior without the use of outside enforcement. Political control does involve enforcement from the outside since the individual is not always certain that the rule he is following is just and r
17、ight. He follows it to conform, to avoid punishment, or to receive social rewards. Political control is an outgrowth of moral control, and its effectiveness depends on the willingness of the members of society to accept the governments authority as just and right. A government that is forced to coer
18、ce or threaten most of its members into accepting political control not backed with moral control will not survive long. In addition, a wide discrepancy between moral and political control will result in a condition of general lawlessness. Such a condition has occurred in the United States on severa
19、l occasions and is now evident among some groups of society according to “The Roots of Lawlessness“ by historian Henry Steele Commangaer. Government, a major social institution, may be viewed as a set of procedures by which a society realizes a good portion of its goals. Government is further unique
20、 as an institution because it serves to reinforce the function of other institutions. Thus, individuals violating the rules and regulation of the economic, educational, or family institutions must ultimately face the punitive power of government. （分数：8.00）(1).A condition characterized by the absence
21、 of social organization and social control, and by the belief that political authority is unnecessary is _. （分数：2.00）A.moral controlB.political powerC.anachyD.authority(2).The internalized form of social control is _. （分数：2.00）A.commitmentB.powerC.authorityD.government(3).Legitimate power rightfully
22、 excercised is called _. （分数：2.00）A.authorityB.charismaC.legitimacyD.morality(4).Which statement is NOT correct? （分数：2.00）A.Political control must occasionally be controlled by an outside force.B.Political control can exist without moral control in a society.C.Political control reinforce moral contr
23、olD.Political control emanates from within.In England along a stretch of the northeast coast which gently curves from Northumberland to the estuary of the river Tees, there was a spot, typical of many on that coast, where sea coal was collected richly and effortlessly. This coal was a coarse powder,
24、 clean and brilliant. It seemed to bear little resemblance to the large, filthy lumps put onto the fire. Although it was coal, it was perfectly clean and it was silently deposited at high tide in a glittering carpet a kilometer long for the local community to gather up. The gear needed for sea-coali
25、ng expeditions was a curious and traditionally proven assortment which never varied from community to community along the entire northeast coastline. Sacks were essential to put the coal in, and string to tie the neck of each sack when it is full. A wooden rake was used to scrape the coal from the b
26、each. The only alternative to the rake was a flat piece of board held in the hand. A flat, board shovel to lift the raked coal into the bags, completed the portable hardware. But the most crucial item of equipment was a bicycle, a special kind of rusty striped- down model which was the symbol of the
27、 sea-coaling craft. A ladys bike was no good because it lacked a crossbar, and that was an essential element in transporting sea coal. One full sack could be slung through the triangular frame of a mans bike, another over the crossbar and, sometimes, even a third on top of that. The beauty of the me
28、tal bar against the full, wet sacks forced excess water out of the coal while it was being wheeled home. On a good day, the path to the beach was generally a double snail-track of water that had been forced from each end of a trail of coal sacks. （分数：8.00）(1).It can be inferred that between the two
29、types of coal, sea coal _.（分数：2.00）A.could burn betterB.might be cheaperC.was more finely-grainedD.came in big pieces(2).According to the passage, certain equipment was used because _. （分数：2.00）A.it had proved to be practicalB.it could be made by communitiesC.people there were very traditionalD.the
30、communities had curious habits(3).To carry three sacks of coal on a bicycle, it was necessary to _. （分数：2.00）A.put one of them on the saddleB.balance them all on the crossbarC.remove the excess liquidD.balance two on the crossbar(4).By using the bicycle, _. （分数：2.00）A.coal could be moved easily over
31、 the sandB.the collectors could sell more coalC.excess liquid could be removedD.the collectors could ride homeWhen we think of creative people, the names that probably spring to mind are those of men such as Leonardo da Vinci, Albert Einstein, and Pablo Picasso, i.e. great artists, inventors and sci
32、entistsa select and exceptionally gifted body of men with rare talent and genius. The tendency to regard creativity and imaginative thinking as the exclusive province of a lucky few disregard the creative and imaginative aspects inherent in the solution of many of the tasks we regularly have to face
33、the discovery and development of new methods and techniques, the improvement of old methods, existing inventions and products. Everyone has creative ability to some extent. Creative thinking involves posing oneself a problem and then finding a solution along new and unconventional lines. It involves
34、 drawing new comparisons, discovering new combinations, and/or new applications of things that are already known. It follows, then, that a creative person will exhibit great intellectual curiosity and imagination. He will be alert and observant with a great store of information which he will be able
35、 to sort out and combine, in the solution of problems. He will be emotionally receptive to new and unconventioal ideas and will be less interested in facts than in their implications. Most important of all, he will be able to communicate freely and will not be too concerned about other peoples react
36、ion to his apparently “crazy“ ideas. People called the Wright brothers mad but it did not stop them from becoming the first men to construct and fly a heavier-than-air craft. （分数：8.00）(1).The author believes that creative thinking _. （分数：2.00）A.is only possessed by great artistsB.requires rare talen
37、t and geniusC.is needed in solving many problemsD.belongs to a few lucky people(2).Creative thinking involves _. （分数：2.00）A.facing the problem and finding a solutionB.observing the actions of great peopleC.drawing new pictures of old thingsD.discovering new emotions(3).A creative person must look at
38、 facts _. （分数：2.00）A.for their face valueB.for what they implyC.and remember themD.which are less interesting(4).In order to solve scientific problems, people should _. （分数：2.00）A.not be afraid of othersopinionsB.be as crazy as possibleC.possess strange notionsD.have more freedomWe have known for a
39、long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types o
40、f culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles,
41、responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “beyond dispute“. We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definitions of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from th
42、e beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierachical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of t
43、ime. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary. The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or co
44、nfusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm. Sex roles were determined according to the “place“ appropriate to each. Womens place, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i. e. , workshops
45、, factories and business firms, belong to men. This sex-based division of the world(private and public) gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each its special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, “cared, nurtured and conserved“. To do this, she had no need to
46、 be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man. Today, many women go out to work, and their reasons for doing s
47、o have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, for all women, work
48、is invariably connected with the desire for independence. （分数：8.00）(1).We did not recognize until recently that _. （分数：2.00）A.the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuousB.the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of cultureC.the biological evolution does little help
49、 in recognizing the identity of the sexesD.the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes(2).It can be inferred from the first paragragh that it is now possible for women to embark on a career because _. （分数：2.00）A.womens liberation movement has been going on for many yearsB.ideas about the roles of women have been changingC.the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the womens rolesD.the change in sex roles is out of the question(3).According to the fourth paragraph, t
