1、工商管理硕士入学考试-逻辑推理反对(一)及答案解析(总分：250.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：50，分数：250.00)1.A researcher studying drug addicts found that, on average, they tend to manipulate other people a great deal more than nonaddicts do. The researcher concluded that people who frequently manipulate other people are likely to be
2、come addicts.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the researchers conclusion?(A) After becoming addicted to drugs, drug addicts learn to manipulate other people as a way of obtaining drugs.(B) When they are imprisoned, drug addicts often use their ability to manipulate other peopl
3、e to obtain better living conditions.(C) Some nonaddicts manipulate other people more than some addicts do.(D) People who are likely to become addicts exhibit unusual behavior patterns other than frequent manipulation of other people.(E) The addicts that the researcher studied were often unsuccessfu
4、l in obtaining what they wanted when they manipulated other people.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.2.It is repeatedly claimed that the dumping of nuclear waste poses no threat to people living nearby. If this claim could be made with certainty, there would be no reason for not locating sites in areas of dense po
5、pulation. But the policy of dumping nuclear waste only in the more sparsely populated regions indicates, at the very least, some misgiving about safety on the part of those responsible for policy.Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument?(A) Evacuation plans in th
6、e event of an accident could not be guaranteed to work perfectly except where the population is small.(B) In the event of an accident, it is certain that fewer people would be harmed in a sparsely populated than in a densely populated area.(C) Dumping of nuclear waste poses fewer economic and bureau
7、cratic problems in sparsely populated than in densely populated areas.(D) There are dangers associated with chemical waste, and it, too, is dumped away from areas of dense population.(E) Until there is no shred of doubt that nuclear dumps are safe, it makes sense to situate them where they pose the
8、least threat to the public.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.3.Companies considering new cost-cutting manufacturing processes often compare the projected results of making the investment against the alternative of not making the investment with costs, selling prices, and share of market remaining constant.Which of
9、 the following, assuming that each is a realistic possibility, constitutes the most serious disadvantage for companies of using the method above for evaluating the financial benefit of new manufacturing processes?(A) The costs of materials required by the new process might not be known with certaint
10、y.(B) In several years interest rates might go down, reducing the interest costs of borrowing money to pay for the investment.(C) Some cost-cutting processes might require such expensive investments that there would be no net gain for many years, until the investment was paid for by savings in the m
11、anufacturing process.(D) Competitors that do invest in a new process might reduce their selling prices and thus take market share away from companies that do not.(E) The period of year chosen for averaging out the cost of the investment might be somewhat longer or shorter, thus affecting the result.
12、（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.4.Low-income families are often unable to afford as much child care as they need. One government program would award low-income femilies a refund on the income taxes they pay of as much as $1,000 for each child under age four. This program would make it possible for all low-income
13、 families with children under age four to obtain more child care than they otherwise would have been able to afford.Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the claim that the program would make it possible for all low-income families to obtain more child care?(A) The aver
14、age family with children under age four spends more than $1,000 a year on child care.(B) Some low-income families in which one of the parents is usually available to care for children under age four may not want to spend their income tax refund on child care.(C) The reduction in government revenues
15、stemming from the income tax refund will necessitate cuts in other government programs, such as grants for higher education.(D) Many low-income families with children under age four do not pay any income taxes because their total income is too low to be subject to such taxes.(E) Income taxes have in
16、creased substantially over the past twenty years, reducing the money that low-income families have available to spend on child care.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.5.In a recent study, sedentary middle-aged men who drink more than two cups of coffee a day were found more likely than other sedentary middle-aged m
17、en to have a high blood level of cholesterol, which is a factor increasing risk of heart disease. Cholesterol can reach the blood from food and drink but is not contained in coffee.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens a conclusion from the study that for sedentary middle-aged men
18、coffee increases the risk of heart attack?(A) A sedentary style of life increases levels of cholesterol in the blood.(B) Coffee contains caffeine, which acts as a stimulant that increases heart rate.(C) The men studied drank their coffee without milk or cream, which contain cholesterol.(D) In both g
19、roups, the men were likely to be overweight, and excess weight is a factor that increases risk of heart diseases.(E) The men who drank more than two cups of coffee a day also ate more foods high in cholesterol.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.6.A study of marital relationships in which one partners sleeping and w
20、aking cycles differ from those of the other partner reveals that such couples share fewer activities with each other and have more violent arguments than do couples in a relationship in which both partners follow the same sleeping and waking patterns. Thus, mismatched sleeping and waking cycles can
21、seriously jeopardize a marriage.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?(A) Married couples in which both spouses follow the same sleeping and waking patterns also occasionally have arguments than can jeopardize the couples marriage.(B) The sleeping and waking cycl
22、es of individuals tend to vary from season to season.(C) The individuals who have sleeping and waking cycles that differ significantly from those of their spouses tend to argue little with colleagues at work.(D) People in unhappy marriages have been found to express hostility by adopting a different
23、 sleeping and waking cycle from that of their spouses.(E) According to a recent study, most peoples sleeping and waking cycles can be controlled and modified easily.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.7.Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns as fundraisers or ba
24、ckroom strategists, but few actually seek to become president themselves. Throughout history the great majority of those who have sought to become president have been lawyers, military leaders, or full-time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in
25、business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coordinative. As a result, business executives tend to be uncomfortable with compromises and power-sharing, which are inherent in politics.Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens t
26、he proposed explanation of why business executives do not run for president?(A) Many of the most active presidential fundraisers and backroom strategists are themselves politicians.(B) Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power-sharing than are business executives.
27、(C) Some of the skills needed to become a successful lawyer are different from some of those needed to become a successful military leader.(D) Some former presidents have engaged in business ventures after leaving office.(E) Some hierarchically structured companies have been major financial supporte
28、rs of candidates for president.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.8.Although spinach is rich in calcium, it also contains large amounts of oxalic acid, a substance that greatly impedes calcium absorption by the body. Therefore, other calcium-containing foods must be eaten either instead of or in addition to spinach
29、 if a person is to be sure of getting enough calcium. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?(A) Rice, which does not contain calcium, counteracts the effects of oxalic acid on calcium absorption.(B) Dairy products, which contain even more calcium than spinach doe
30、s, are often eaten by people who eat spinach on a regular basis.(C) Neither the calcium nor the oxalic acid in spinach is destroyed when spinach is cooked.(D) Many leafy green vegetables other than spinach that are rich in calcium also contain high concentrations of oxalic acid.(E) Oxalic acid has l
31、ittle effect on the bodys ability to absorb nutrients other than calcium.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.9.Neighboring landholders: Air pollution from the giant aluminum refinery that has been built next to our land is killing our plants.Company spokesperson: The refinery is not to blame, since our study shows t
32、hat the damage is due to insects and fungi. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion drawn by the company spokesperson?(A) The study did not measure the quantity of pollutants emitted into the surrounding air by the aluminum refinery.(B) The neighboring landholders have
33、 made no change in the way they take care of their plants.(C) Air pollution from the refinery has changed the chemical balance in the plants environment, allowing the harmful insects and fungi to thrive.(D) Pollutants that are invisible and odorless are emitted into the surrounding air by the refine
34、ry.(E) The various species of insects and fungi mentioned in the study have been occasionally found in the locality during the past hundred years.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.10.The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was established to protect workers from accidents and unsafe conditions on
35、the job. There has actually been an increase in the number of job-related accidents under OSHA. This demonstrates the agencys ineffectiveness.Which of the following, if true, concerning the period during which the increase occurred, most seriously weakens the argument above?(A) A number of job categ
36、ories, excluded from the jurisdiction of OSHA in the legislation originally establishing the agency, have continued to be outside OSHAs jurisdiction.(B) OSHA has been assigned a greater number of kinds of workplace activities to monitor.(C) There has been an increase in the total number of people at
37、 work, and the ratio of work-related deaths and injuries to size of work force has fallen in OSHA-supervised occupations.(D) Regulations issued by OSHA have met with political criticism from elected officials and the mass media.(E) The increase in job-related accidents has occurred mainly in a singl
38、e job category, whereas the number of job-related accidents has remained approximately constant in other categories.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.11.The teacher of yoga said that he knows how good the yoga exercises feel and how beneficial they are to his mental and spiritual health. After all, he said, there
39、must be something sound to any human practice that endures more than three thousand years of history.Which of the following, if true, is the strongest relevant objection to the argument the teacher makes on the basis of the time yoga has endured?(A) The teacher benefits by the teaching of yoga and s
40、o, as a beneficiary, is not a disinterested witness.(B) The practice of yoga has changed somewhat over three thousand years.(C) The teacher cites the experience of only one person, whose well-being might be due to other causes.(D) War, which cannot on balance be called sound, has lasted the length o
41、f human history.(E) Three thousand years is an underestimate of the time period.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.12.A new law gives ownership of patentsdocuments providing exclusive right to make and sell an inventionto universities, not the government, when those patents result from government-sponsored universi
42、ty research. Administrators at Logos University plan to sell any patents they acquire to corporations in order to fund programs to improve undergraduate teaching.Which of the following, if true, would cast most doubt on the viability of the college administrators plan described above?(A) Profit-maki
43、ng corporations interested in developing products based on patents held by universities are likely to try to serve as exclusive sponsors of ongoing university research projects.(B) Corporate sponsors of research in university facilities are entitled to tax credits under new federal tax-code guidelin
44、es.(C) Research scientists at Logos University have few or no teaching responsibilities and participate little if at all in the undergraduate programs in their field.(D) Government-sponsored research conducted at Logos University for the most part duplicates research already completed by several pro
45、fit-making corporations.(E) Logos University is unlikely to attract corporate sponsorship of its scientific research.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.13.A study comparing a group of chronically depressed individuals with an otherwise matched group of individuals free from depression found significantly more disor
46、ders of the immune system among the depressed group. According to the researchers, these results strongly support the hypothesis that mental states influence the bodys vulnerability to infection. Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the researchers interpretation of their
47、 findings?(A) The researchers view does little more than echo a familiar theme in folklore and literature.(B) Chronically depressed individuals are no less careful than others to avoid exposure to infections.(C) Disorders of the immune system cause many of those individuals who have them to become c
48、hronically depressed.(D) Individuals who have previously been free from depression can become depressed quite suddenly.(E) A high frequency of infections can stem from an unusually high level of exposure rater than from any disorder of the immune system.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.E.14.The high cost of product
49、ion is severely limiting which operas are available to the public. These costs necessitate reliance on large corporate sponsors, who in return demand that only the most famous operas be produced. Determining which operas will be produced should rest only with ticket purchasers at the box office, not with large corporate sponsors. If we reduce production budgets so that operas can be supported exclusively by box-office receipts and donations from individuals, then the public will be able to see less famous operas.Which one of the following, if true, would weaken the argument?(A) A
