1、北京大学真题 2009年及答案解析(总分：79.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part One: Listening (总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part Two: Structure (总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.There seemed little doubt that the spread of a particular cultural trait did follow a specific regular pattern_A. as a society adopted B. which a society adopted itC. as a society adop
2、ted it D. when a society adopted（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.Long-term exposure to mass media portrayals of violence might make the audience insensitive or_to real acts of violence.A. emotionally neutral B. neutrally emotionalC. emotionally mutual D. mutually emotional（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.The Collectors Edition
3、 coin is_, and represents a true collectors treasure to be appreciated for generations to come.A. unlikely any Elvis Presley collectible ever releasedB. unlikely, and Elvis Presley collectible never releasedC. unlike any Elvis Presley collectible never releasedD. unlike any Elvis Presley collectible
4、 ever released（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4._, the short is in some ways not really new.A. Like many another new things B. Like much other new thingsC. Like many other new things D. Like many another new thing（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.One of the recurrent frustrations and tragedies in the history of thought is caused
5、 by the uncertainty_to solve a given problem by traditional methods previously applied to problems which seem to be of the same nature.A. that is possible B. that it is possibleC. whether it is possible D. about what is possible（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.Kepler reconciled astronomy with physics, and substit
6、uted for fictitious clockwork a universe of material bodies not unlike the earth, freely floating and turning in space, moved by forces_A. acted on them B. being acted on itC. acting on them D. having acted on it（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.Experimental sciences, based on the observation of the external world
7、, cannot aspire to completeness; the nature of things, and the imperfection of our organs,_A. are likely opposing it B. are opposed to it and the likeC. are alike opposed it D. are opposing it likewise（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.Boris Yeltsin, Russias_ president, died. His funeral in Moscow was attended by a
8、 bevy of world leaders past and present.A. prior B. past C. former D. late（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.Some economists fret that share prices are moving far_companies earnings, to a degree scarily reminiscent of Japan in the late 1980s just before its crash.A. ahead of B. back ofC. independent of D. abreast o
9、f（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.Australia is struggling to cope with the consequences of a devastating drought. As the world warms up, other countries should pay_A. heel B. heal C. heed D. head（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.Facing the danger, they were quite_themselves.A. in case of B. in name ofC. in possession of D. in
10、 charge of（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.Before turning to writing, I spent eight years as a lawyer_about how life would be with a prominent father blazing my trail.A. fantasizing B. fascinating C. facilitating D. finalizing（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.13.At first, movies were little more than amusing_that appeared to mov
11、e.A. novels B. novelties C. notices D. novices（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14._ commutation via the telegraph began in the 1840s, just before the Civil War, and via the telephone just afterward (1870s).A. Instantaneous B. Spontaneous C. Simultaneous D. Instinctive（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.15.I dont understand what youre
12、 getting so_. about. Its really not a problem.A. worked out B. worked up C. worked over D. worked against（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.16.The school shooting triggered a barrage of transparently irrelevant proposed solutions, tossed out without regard to their relevance to the events that supposedly_the proposal
13、s.A. occasioned B. concerned C. illuminated D. ensued（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.17._active in commerce or the professions, most of the wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family fortunes.A. Except for B. Despite C. As D. Though（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.18.Men commit_motoring offences as women, according to t
14、he Home Office figures.A. nine times of B. as nine timesC. nine times that of D. nine time as many（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.19._, wireless communications will increasingly become part of the fabric of everyday life.A. In years to come B. Since coming yearsC. For years to come D. Over coming years（分数：1.00）A.B
15、.C.D.20.Harvard is committed to_ongoing communication and cooperation as project plans are_A. maintain, shaping B. maintaining, shapingC. maintain, shaped D. maintaining, shaped（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.三、Part Three: Reading (总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：4.00)Why does storytelling endure across time
16、and cultures? Perhaps the answer lies in our evolutionary roots. A study of the way that people respond to Victorian literature hints that novels act as a social glue, reinforcing the types of behaviour that benefit society.Literature “could continually condition society so that we fight against bas
17、e impulses and work in a cooperative way“, says Jonathan Gottschall of Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. He and co-author Joseph Carroll at the University of Missouri, St. Louis, study how Darwins theories of evolution apply to literature. Along with John Johnson, an evolutionary psych
18、ologist at Pennsylvania State University in DuBois, the researchers asked 500 people to fill in a questionnaire about 200 classic Victorian novels. The respondents were asked to define characters as protagonists or antagonists and then to describe their personality and motives, such as whether they
19、were conscientious or power hungry.The team found that the characters fell into groups that mirrored the egalitarian dynamics of a society in which individual dominance is suppressed for the greater good (Evolutionary Psychology. vol 4, p 716). Protagonists, such as Elizabeth Bennett in Jane Austens
20、 Pride and Prejudice, for example, scored highly on conscientiousness and nurturing, while antagonists like Bram Stokers Count Dracula scored highly on status-seeking and social dominance. In the novels, dominant behaviour is “powerfully stigmatized“, says Gottschall “Bad guys and girls are just dom
21、inance machines; they are obsessed with getting ahead, they rarely have pro-social behaviours.“While few in todays world live in hunter-gatherer societies, “the political dynamic at work in these novels, the basic opposition between communitarianism and dominance behaviour, is a universal theme“, sa
22、ys Carroll. Christopher Boehm, a cultural anthropologist whose work Carroll acknowledges was an important influence on the study, agrees. “Modem democracies, with their formal checks and balances, are carrying forward an egalitarian ideal“.A few characters were judged to be both good and bad, such a
23、s Heathcliff in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights or Austens Mr.Darcy. “They reveal the pressure being exercised on maintaining the total social order,“ says Carroll.Boehm and Carroll believe novels have the same effect as the cautionary tales told in older societies. “Novels have a function that cont
24、inues to contribute to the quality and structure of group life,“ says Boehm. “Maybe storytelling-from TV to folk tales- actually serves some specific evolutionary adaptation,“ says Gottschall. Theyre not just products of evolutionary adaptation.（分数：4.00）(1).According to the study mentioned in the pa
25、ssage, which one of the following best defines the function of literature in human society?A. It helps with the evolutionary progress.B. It helps advocate peoples base impulse and conscientiousness.C. It reinforces the types of behavior the benefit a cooperative society.D. It suppresses base impulse
26、s and sets regulations for society.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What were the respondents in the research asked to do ?A. To identify protagonists and antagonists in some novels and describe them.B. To group characters in novels who mirror the egalitarian dynamic of a society.C. To give scores to literary c
27、haracter in regard to social dominance.D. To tell the bad guys from the good ones in some novels.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What is said about the bad guys and girls in novels?A. They are protagonists that are powerfully stigmatized.B. They are always afraid of getting ahead of others.C. They rarely have
28、behaviors that protect the society.D. They always seek dominant status in society.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In the political dynamic of literature, to what is dominant behavior set opposed ?A. The universal theme of power.B. The egalitarian ideal.C. Modern democracies.D. Formal checks and balances of a t
29、raditional society.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：3.00)Helicobacter pylori is one of humanitys oldest and closest companions, and yet it took scientists more than a century to recognize it. As early as 1875, German anatomists found spiral bacteria colonizing the mucus layer of the human sto
30、mach, but because the organisms could not be grown in a pure culture, the results were ignored and then forgotten. It was not until 1982 that Australian doctors Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren isolated the bacteria, allowing investigations of H pyloris role in the stomach to begin in earnest.
31、Over the next decade researchers discovered that people carrying the organisms had an increased risk of developing peptic ulcers-breaks in the lining of the stomach or duodenum-and that H pylori could also trigger the onset of the most common form of stomach cancer.Just as scientists were learning t
32、he importance of H pylori, however, they discovered that the bacteria are losing their foothold in the human digestive tract. Whereas nearly all adults in the developing would still carry the organism, its prevalence is much lower in developed countries such as the U.S. Epidemiologists believe that
33、H pylori has been disappearing from developed nations for the past 100 years thanks to improved hygiene, which blocks the transmission of the bacteria, and to the widespread use of antibiotics. As H pylori has retreated, the rates of peptic ulcers and stomach cancer have dropped. But at the same tim
34、e, diseases of the esophagus-including acid reflux disease and a particularly deadly type of esophageal cancer-have increased dramatically, and a wide body of evidence indicates that the rise of these illnesses is also related to the disappearance of H pylori.（分数：3.00）(1).The authors primary purpose
35、 in writing this passage is to_A. alter people to the harm of H pylori colonization of the stomachB. make people aware of the harm of eradicating H pylori from the stomachC. suggest that the benefits of eradicating H pylori from the stomach are not outweighed by the potential harm.D. call attention
36、to the consequences of eradicating H pylori from the stomach.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?A. Improvements in sanitation are a vital element in helping ward off peptic ulcers.B. People in the developing countries are not likely to contract es
37、ophageal diseases.C. Nowadays few people in the developed countries suffer from stomach cancer.D. Scientists have long recognized H pyloris important role in the stomach, but could do nothing about.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following would most probably follow the last sentence of this passa
38、ge?A. Furthermore, the disappearance of H pylori may be a sentinel indicating the possibility of other microbial extinctions as well.B. The possibility that this bacterium may actually protect people against disease of the esophagus has significant implications.C. However, there has been an unexpect
39、ed rise in the incidence of a new class of diseases involving the esophagus.D. The rise of these diseases has occurred just as H pylori has been disappearing, and it is tempting to associate the two phenomena.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：3.00)Under the Bush administration America has go
40、ne from a policy of “dual containment“ of Iran and Iraq to one approaching dual failure. It removed the iron rule of Saddam Hussein, but created an anarchic void in Iraq into which Iran has extended its influence. Exhausted by the insurgency in Iraq, America now struggle to deal with the more acute
41、threat of weapons of mass destruction posed by Irans nuclear programme. Americas Arab allies may be terrified by the strengthening of Iran, but they are even more terrified by the prospect of American military action to destroy Irans nuclear facilities.In Europe there is a degree of acceptance that,
42、 sooner or later, the world may have to deal with a nuclear-armed Iran. Some in the Bush administration though, regard that prospect as even more horrendous than the consequences of attacking Iran, which may include more instability in Iraq and elsewhere, more terrorism and the disruption of oil fro
43、m the Persian Gulf. There is no certainty, moreover, about how far military strikes can set back the nuclear programme, if at all.George Bush has repeatedly said that “all opinions“ remain on his table, by which he means the use of military force. But the one option he has seemed less keen on is the
44、 idea, advocated by many of seeking a “grand bargain“ with Iran on a whole range of disputes, from the nuclear question to peace with Israel. When America was strong, it felt it did not need to deal with Iran. Now it is worried by the prospect of looking weak.Nevertheless, there has been a real chan
45、ge of policy since the days when Mr. Bush said Iran was part of the “axis of evil“. His administration has offered to join nuclear talks if Iran suspends uranium enrichment. Ray Takeyh, an expert on Iran, argues in the latest issue of Foreign Affairs says: better to deal with the pragmatists, and st
46、rengthen them, rather than give free rein to the radicals. He may or may not be right.（分数：3.00）(1).According to the passage, America failed to_A. contain either Iran of Iraq B. extend its influence in IranC. created an anarchic void in Iraq D. remove the rule of Saddam Hussein（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Th
47、e phrase “that prospect“ (Line 2, Para 3) refers to_A. American military action on IranB. setback in Irans nuclear programC. an Iran armed with nuclear weaponsD. Americas threat in Irans weapons（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Ray Takyh urged the America government to_A. stop seeing Iran as part of“the axis of
48、evil“B. hold nuclear talks with Iran with no conditionsC. suspend the uranium enrichment program in IranD. adopt a pragmatic rather radical approach to Iran（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.The year of 2009 will bring an avalanche of books, lectures, television programs and articles on Charles Darwin. (-1)It is 200
49、gears since he was born and 150 gears since he was pushed to publish his on the Origin of Species earlier than he intended by the arrival of a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, the naturalist who, independently, had the same theory of natural selection that Darwin had supposed all his own.Since Darwin wasnt alone in thinking up the theory of natural selection or in assembling evidence in support of evolution, are we right to make such a
