1、MBA 联考英语-阅读理解(二)及答案解析(总分：98.00，做题时间：90 分钟)二、练习一(总题数：1，分数：8.00)The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best, left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the pro
2、cess sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyones experience in the organization.Consider the novel view of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and no
3、w serves as a consultant to the likes of AT that is, a prospect is converted to a customer, ceases to be a prime prospect and is replaced by another prime prospect.The prospect file will help only if it is kept up to date and used systematically. A follow-up or bring-forward system will force you to
4、 plan your time effectively.The selection of prospects can be done at the desk or by telephone. It involves a relatively low cost resource, compared with a field salesperson. The use of computers enables companies to develop a database of prospects which can be used interactively, depending on sales
5、 objectives or changes in strategy. By using a computerized marketing database, you can analyze important factors such as source of prospect/lead, date last called, change in staff.A new sales in a market sector can open the door to acquiring a number of new prospects in this sector.（分数：10.00）(1).Ac
6、cording to the author, in selling people do not attach importance to _.A. management training and materialB. effective presentation skillsC. search for possible customersD. successful conclusion of deals（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “prospects“ in the passage most probably means _.A. things that may
7、 become very popular in the near futureB. products that may be well received by customersC. managers who try to promote the sales of a productD. people who are expected to buy a product soon（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).One thing that is considered most valuable for a salesperson to do is _.A. establishing a
8、 prime prospect fileB. opening a management training courseC. making use of time and money availableD. obtaining sufficient time and resources（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The following are all the benefits of computerization except _.A. enabling companies to develop a database of prospectsB. securing an ann
9、ual turnover in excess of 5millionC. using database of prospects interactivelyD. analyzing many important factors（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following do you think is the best title for the passage?A. A Useful Sales Activity.B. Helpful If Done Systematically.C. An Important but Often Neglected
10、 Sales Activity.D. A Newly-created Sales Activity.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.四、练习三(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Is the outcome in a monopolistically (垄断地) competitive market desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole? Can policymakers improve on the market outcome? There are no simple answers to these questions.On
11、e source of inefficiency is the markup (涨价) of price over marginal cost. Because of the markup, some consumers who value the good at more than the marginal cost of production (but less than the price) will be deterred (被阻止) from buying it. Thus, a monopolistically competitive market has the normal d
12、eadweight loss of monopoly .pricing.Although tins outcome is clearly undesirable compared to the first-best outcome of price equal to marginal cost, there is no easy way for policymakers to-fix the problem. To enforce marginal-cost pricing, policymakers would need to regulate all firms that produce
13、differentiated products. Because such products are so common in the economy, the administrative burden of such regulation would be overwhelming. Moreover, the regulating monopolistic competitors would entail all the problems of regulating natural monopolies. In particular, because monopolistic compe
14、titors are making zero profits already, requiring them to lower their prices to equal marginal cost would cause them to make losses. To keep these firms in business, the government would need to help them cover these losses. Rather than raising taxes to pay for these subsidies, policymakers may deci
15、de it is better to live with tile inefficiency of monopolistic pricingAnother way in which monopolistic competition may be socially inefficient is that the number of firms in the market may not be the “ideal“ one. That is, there may be too much or too little entry. One way to think about this proble
16、m is in terms of the externalities associated with entry. Whenever a new firm considers entering the market with a new product, it considers only the profit it would make. Yet its entry would also have two external effects: a) The product-variety externality: Because consumers get some consumer surp
17、lus from the introduction of a new product, there is a positive externality associated with entry b) The business-stealing externality: Because other firms lose customers and profits from the entry of a new competitor, there is a negative externality associated with entry. Thus in a monopolistically
18、 competitive market, there are both positive and negative externalities associated with the entry of new firms. Depending on which externality is larger, a monopolistically competitive market could have either too few or too many products. Both of these externalities are closely related to the condi
19、tions for monopolistic competition. The former arises because a new firm would offer a product different from those of the existing firms. The latter arises because firms post a price above marginal cost and, therefore, are always eager to sell additional units. Conversely, because perfectly competi
20、tive firms produce identical goods and charge a price equal to marginal cost, neither of these externalities exists under perfect competition.In the end, we can conclude only that monopolistically competitive markets do not have all the desirable welfare properties of perfectly competitive markets.
21、That is, the invisible hand does not ensure that total surplus is maximized under monopolistic competition. Yet because the inefficiencies are subtle, hard to measure, and hard to fix, there is no easy way for public policy to improve the market outcome.（分数：10.00）(1).Who will be prevented from buyin
22、g the good?A. Some consumers who also estimate the value of the good at more than the marginal cost of production.B. Some consumers who estimate the price of the good at more than the marginal cost of the production.C. Some consumers who have a high opinion of the good at more than the marginal cost
23、 of the production.D. Some consumers who estimate the worth of the good at more than the marginal cost of the production.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Why would policymakers need to regulate all firms that produce differentiated products?A. Because such products are so common in the economy.B. Because there
24、is no easy way for policymakers to fix the problem.C. Because they want to enforce marginal-cost pricing,D. Because monopolistic competitors are making zero profits.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3)._ policymakers may decide it is better to live with the inefficiency of monopolistic pricing.A. Without raising ta
25、xes to pay for these subsidiesB. In order to raise taxes to pay for these subsidiesC. To keep these firms in businessD. Requiring them to lower their prices（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What does a new firm think about when it considers entering the market with a new product?A. Two external effects.B. The ex
26、ternalities associated with entry.C. The number of firms in the market.D. The profit it would make.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Why is it difficult for public policy to improve the market outcome?A. Because it is difficult to measure the inefficiencies.B. Because perfectly competitive firms produce identica
27、l goods.C. Because a new firm would offer a product different from those of the existing firms.D. Because surplus is maximized under monopolistic competition.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、练习四(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It might seem natural to gauge the amount of discrimination in labor markets by looking at the average w
28、ages of different groups. For instance, in recent years the wage of the average black worker in the U.S. has been about 20 percent less than the wage of the average white workers. The wage of the average female worker has been about 30 percent less than the wage of the average male worker. These wag
29、e differentials are sometimes presented in political debate as evidence that many employers discriminate against blacks and women. Yet there is an obvious problem with this approach. Even in a labor market free of discrimination, different people have different wages. People differ ill the amount of
30、 human capital they have and in the kinds of work they are able and walling to do. The wage differences we observe in the economy are, to a large extent, attributable to the determinants of equilibrium wages. Simply observing differences in wages among broad groups say little about the prevalence of
31、 discrimination. Consider, for example, the role of human capital. About 80 percent of white male workers have a high school diploma, and 25 percent have a college degree By contrast, only 67 percent of black male workers have a high school diploma, and only 12 percent have a college degree. Thus, a
32、t least some of the difference between the wages of whites and the wages of blacks can be traced to differences in educational attainment, Similarly, among white workers, 25 percent of men have a college degree, whereas only 19 percent of women have a college degree, indicating that some of the diff
33、erence between the wages of men and women is attributable to educational attainment.In fact, human capital is probably even more important in explaining wage differentials than the foregoing numbers suggest. For many years, public schools in predominantly black areas have been of lower quality than
34、public schools in predominantly white areas. Similarly, for many years, schools directed girls away from science and math courses, even though these subjects may have greater value in the marketplace than some of the alternatives. If we could measure the quality as well as the quality of education,
35、the differences in human capital among these groups would seem even larger. Human capital acquired in the form of job experience can also help explain wage differences. In particular, women tend to have less job experience on average than men. One reason is that female labor-force participation has
36、increased over the past seven decades. Because of this historic change, the average female worker today is younger than the average male worker. In addition, women are more likely to interrupt their careers to raise children. For both reasons, the experience of the average female worker is less than
37、 the experience of the average male worker.Yet another source of wage differences is compensating differentials. Some analysts have suggested that women take more pleasant jobs on average than men and this fact explains some of the earnings differential between men and women. For example, women are
38、more likely to be secretaries, and men are more likely to be truck drivers. The relative wages of secretaries and truck drivers depend in part on the working conditions of each job. Because these nonmonetary aspects are hard to measure, it is difficult to gauge the practical importance of compensati
39、ng differentials in explaining the wage difference that we observe.In the end, the study of wage differences among groups does not establish any clear conclusion about the prevalence of discrimination in U.S. labor markets. Most economists believe that some of the observed wage differentials are att
40、ributable to discrimination, but there is no consensus about how much. The only conclusion about which economists are in consensus is a negative one: Because the differences in average wages among groups in part reflect differences in human capital and job characteristics, they do not by themselves
41、say anything about how much discrimination there is in the labor market.Of course, differences in human capital among groups of workers may themselves reflect discrimination. The inferior schools historically available to black students, for instance, may be traced to prejudice on the part of city c
42、ouncils and school boards. But this kind of discrimination occurs long before the worker enters the labor market. In this case, the disease is political, even if the symptom is economic.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the author mean by “Even in a labor market free of discrimination, different people have d
43、ifferent wages”?A. Even in a labor market freedom is valued, different people have different wages.B. Even in a labor market full of discrimination, different people have different wages.C. Even in a labor market with discrimination, different people have different wages.D. Even in a labor market wi
44、thout discrimination, different people have different wages.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).By how much is the percentage of white male workers with a high school diploma higher than that of black male workers with a high school diploma?A. 13% B. 55% C. 68% D. 61%（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Why did school direct girl
45、s away from science and math courses?A. Because science and math are less important.B. Because there is discrimination in labor markets.C. Because science and math courses are beyond girls ability.D. Because these subjects value is too great to be useful in the marketplace.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Why d
46、o women have less job experience on average than men?A. Because female labor-force participation has increased over the past several decades.B. Because women are likely to interrupt their careers to raise children.C. Because great changes have taken place over the past several decades.D. Both A and
47、B.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What can we infer from the passage?A. We should learn what labor-market discrimination is.B. We should learn to analyze the reasons why there is discrimination in labor markets.C. We should consider labor-market discrimination from political perspectives.D. We should learn the
48、 size of labor-market discrimination.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、练习五(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Its almost the end of summer for the first annual contest to choose the best operating monopoly in America. Five contestants are selected. Each exhibits fine monopolistic characteristics and is worthy of serious consideration
49、 for the award.The U.S. Postal Service claims to be the longest-running monopoly and has the distinction of having its control over First Class mail prescribed by the Constitution. The monopoly has preserved large flows of revenues and high wage rates despite studies showing that private companies could carry the mail more efficiently at much lower cost. On the other hand, the position of the Postal Service has been eroded: first, by successful competition on package delivery; second, by the recent entry of express delivery services; and third, and potentially mos
