1、现代语言学自考题-8 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Saussure used _ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. performance B. parole C. langue D. competence（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.In terms of the place of articulati
2、on, the following sounds tdszn share the feature of _. A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. dental（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed“ in the word “learned“ is known as a(n) _. A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free
3、 form（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called _ relations. A. linear B. hierarchical C. semantic D. grammatical（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.A word with several meanings is a _. A. synonymy B. polysemic word C. co-hyponym D. complete hyponym（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.
4、6.Ys utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7._ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. A.
5、 Apocope B. Epenthesis C. Metathesis D. Assimilation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.No two speakers of the same language or _ use their language or _ in exactly the same way. A. variety, dialect B. variation, dialect C. dialect, idiolect D. dialect, dialect（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.The motor area within the brain is re
6、sponsible for _. A. speech production B. comprehension of speech C. converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa D. physical articulation of utterances.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.Basically all the following categories except _ are always missing in the childrens telegraphic speech stag
7、e. A. the copula verb “be“ B. inflectional morphemes C. function words D. content words（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.UP /Urelates the study of language to psychology.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of
8、Uo /Uand are therefore consonants.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.UI /Umorphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical relations or categories such as number, tense and case.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic Uc /Uthey belong to.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.That the d
9、enial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of Uc /Uantonyms.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_16.UD /Utries to get the hearer to do something.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.The deletion of a word final vowel segment is called a 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.One mark of an informal style is t
10、he frequent occurrence of Us /Uwords and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.Genies case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that h
11、umans language Ua /Udevice is independent of other intellectual abilities.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and Ut /Ulanguage instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_五、B/B(总题数：10，分数
12、：20.00)21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误23.Theoretically speak
13、ing, a compound can be a combination of two words of any parts of speech.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误24.Since a compound is a word, its components can not be written separately.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误25.Every utterance occurs in a particular spatiotemporal situation, the main components of which include the place an
14、d time of the utterance.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误26.Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误27.The most di
15、stinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its regional background.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误28.Wernickes work strengthened Brocas claim that left hemispheric structures are essential for speech.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误29.Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules an
16、d therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误30.The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be explained by mother tongue interference.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误六、B/B(总题数：10，分数：30.00)31.place of articulation（分数：3.00）_plementary antonyms（分数：3.00）_33.re
17、gisters（分数：3.00）_34.linguistic taboo（分数：3.00）_35.sentence stress（分数：3.00）_36.grammaticality（分数：3.00）_37.diphthong（分数：3.00）_38.fricative（分数：3.00）_39.hyponymy（分数：3.00）_40.tone（分数：3.00）_七、B/B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)41.Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history
18、of English.（分数：10.00）_42.Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.（分数：10.00）_现代语言学自考题-8 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Saussure used _ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the membe
19、rs of a speech community. A. performance B. parole C. langue D. competence（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言和言语的区别是瑞士语言学家索绪尔提出来的。语言是语言使用者们必须恪守的一套语言习惯和规则，而言语则是指对这些习惯和规则的遵守和实际应用。语言是抽象的，它并不具体指人们现实生活中所使用的语言；言语是具体的，它指的是自然而然正在发生的、具体的语言事件。语言是相对稳定的，它不会频繁地发生变化；而言语则因人而异，因语境的不同而不同。2.In terms of the place of articulati
20、on, the following sounds tdszn share the feature of _. A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. dental（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 按照发音位置，tdszn分享齿龈音的特点，它们都是利用舌尖贴近上齿龈形成阻碍而形成的。3.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed“ in the word “learned“ is known as a(n) _. A. derivational morpheme
21、 B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 屈折词缀(也叫屈折词素)表现的是如数、时态、级、格这样的语法关系或语法范畴。learned 中 ed 表示时态或语态变化，它是屈折词缀。4.The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called _ relations. A. linear B. hierarchical C. semantic D. grammatical（分数：2.00）A.
22、B.C.D. 解析：解析 我们对语言学知识的掌握应包括对句子构成成分之间结构关系和逻辑关系，也就是我们所说的语法关系。5.A word with several meanings is a _. A. synonymy B. polysemic word C. co-hyponym D. complete hyponym（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 不同的词可以有相同或相似的意义，同一个词也可以有一个以上的意义，这就是我们所说的多义关系。具有多义关系的词叫做多义词。6.Ys utterance in the following conversation exchange vi
23、olates the maxim of _.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 此对话违反了关联准则。说这话时，很显然，B 不想说关于 A 提到的人物，所以说了一句不相关的话，他的言外之意是：“I dont wish to talk about whom I was with last night”。7._ invol
24、ves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. A. Apocope B. Epenthesis C. Metathesis D. Assimilation（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语音的位移作为语音变化的结果，一般称为语音变位，它指的是两个相邻的语音在位置上的互换。古英语中涉及语音成分位置交换的例子有 bridd(鸟)和 hros(马)等。当这些词发生了语音变位之后，/r/音向元音右侧的位移就导致了它们在现代英语中的对应词 bird 和 horse 的出现。8.No two speakers of
25、the same language or _ use their language or _ in exactly the same way. A. variety, dialect B. variation, dialect C. dialect, idiolect D. dialect, dialect（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 没有两个持同一种语言或方言的言语使用者完全相同地使用他们的语言或方言。当一个个体使用者讲话的时候，他所使用的其实是说话者自己独特的语言体系，只不过这种体系是在某种特定语言的总体体系之中变化而已。9.The motor area within t
26、he brain is responsible for _. A. speech production B. comprehension of speech C. converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa D. physical articulation of utterances.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 神经语言学家们经研究得出以下结论，除了负责言语物理发声的肌动区域之外，大脑左半球有 3 个区域和语言密切相关。10.Basically all the following cat
27、egories except _ are always missing in the childrens telegraphic speech stage. A. the copula verb “be“ B. inflectional morphemes C. function words D. content words（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 儿童的早期多词句有一个非常特别的特征，即通常缺少屈折词素和大多数的次要词类范畴，比如表示动词不定式的小品词 to，冠词 the，助动词 can，以及系动词 be 的各种形式等功能词都很难见到。多词句中出现的通常是一些实词，用以
28、传达主要信息。因其与电报中的语言风格相似，故这一语言习得阶段的话语通常被称为电报式言语。三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.UP /Urelates the study of language to psychology.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Psycholinguistics。）解析：解析 心理语言学研究的是语言和心理的相互关系。12.Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of Uo /Uand
29、 are therefore consonants.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：obstruction。）解析：解析 爆破音、擦音、塞擦音、流音、鼻音、滑音等发音时，气流都有某种程度的阻碍，因此，它们都是辅音。13.UI /Umorphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical relations or categories such as number, tense and case.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Inflectional。）解析：解析 屈折词缀(也叫屈折词素)表现的是如数、时
30、态、级、格这样的语法关系或语法范畴。14.Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic Uc /Uthey belong to.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：categories。）解析：解析 词和词组是根据它们所属的句法类型组织起来的。除了句子和子句以外，句法类型通常是指在句中起一定语法作用的词(称作词类)或者词组(称作词组类)，比如句中的主语。可以相互替换而又不改变语法属性的成分属于同一句法类型。15.That the denial of one member of two words implies
31、the assertion of the other is the characteristic of Uc /Uantonyms.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：complementary。）解析：解析 成对的互补性反义词的特点在于，否定其中的一个成分，就意味着肯定了另一个成分。换句话说，它不是两个极端之间的级别问题，而是非此即彼的问题。例如，一个人要么是“生”，要么是“死”；要么是“男”，要么是“女”，没有其他的可能性。16.UD /Utries to get the hearer to do something.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Directiv
32、es。）解析：解析 美国的哲学语言学家约翰舍尔的贡献之一在于他对言外行为的分类，根据他的理论，言语分为 5 种基本类型，即我们运用语言所做的事情有 5 种基本类型，每种类型都有一个共同的基本目的，其中指令类指说话人试图让听话人做某一件事。17.The deletion of a word final vowel segment is called a 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：apocope。）解析：解析 一个记录完整的有关语音丧失的例子是词尾元音成分的去除，这种现象叫做词尾音脱落。18.One mark of an informal style is the freq
33、uent occurrence of Us /Uwords and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：slang。）解析：解析 俚语是对语言的一种非正式的使用。它由一些表达力极强但不太标准的词汇，出现很快且常常稍纵即逝的新词和以自发性抑或是挑逗性为特点的修辞格组成。俚语产生的中心
34、特点是它使用的动机：追求表现的新颖，强调的生动，希望能成为一个不为外界所知的一个特殊团体或阶级的成员，或者想跟上甚至超前于时代潮流。19.Genies case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that humans language Ua /Udevice is independent of other intellectual abilities.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：acquisition。）解析：解析 吉尼案例不仅证实了关键期假设，而且也证明了人类的语言习得机
35、制(LAD)是独立于其他智能发展之外的。不过，吉尼能继续开发语言能力并且能够说和理解一定数量的英语也提供了一些与上述假设相左的证据，即人们过了关键期之后并不是一点也不能习得语言的。20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and Ut /Ulanguage instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：target。）
36、解析：解析 在 SLA 研究中，研究者经常用本族语和母语这样的术语而不用第一语言，使用目的语的说法而不用第二语言。五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 在我们所了解的所有人类社会中，口头语言总是先于书面语言而出现的。任何一种语言的书写体系总是人们后来为了记录口头语言而发明的。尽管当今世界上绝大多数的语言既存在着口头形式，也同时存在着书面形式，但也
37、有大量的语言只有口头形式。改正：The writing system is always a later invention.22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 和长一短元音相对应原区别还有紧元音和松元音之分。所有的长元音都是紧元音，所有的短元音均是松元音。当我们发一个长元音的时候，喉部处于一种相对紧张的状态，
38、而当我们发短元音的时候，就没有这类紧张状态的出现，此时的喉部是放松的。23.Theoretically speaking, a compound can be a combination of two words of any parts of speech.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 从理论上讲，不同词类的两个单词可以被组合到一起构成复合词。24.Since a compound is a word, its components can not be written separately.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 从正字法上来看，一个复合词在拼写的
39、时候中间有无连字符都可以，或者写成两个单独分开的单词，譬如 armchair，follow-up，thunder bird 等。关于复合词的写法纯粹是习惯上的问题。改正：Orthographically, a compound has three forms: one word, one word with hyphen in between, and two separate words.25.Every utterance occurs in a particular spatiotemporal situation, the main components of which includ
40、e the place and time of the utterance.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 所有的话语都是在特定的时空情景下产生的，除了话语产生的地点和时间以外，情景因素还包括说话人和听话人、他们当时的行为以及情景中所存在的物与事，也就是说，题干中所说的“话语产生的地点和时间”并不是主要的情景因素。改正：Apart from the place and time of the utterance, the main components of the utterance also include the speaker, the hearer, the acti
41、ons, the various objects and events.26.Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 我们讨论语义时，提到几个
42、涉及意义研究的观点，其中之一是语境论，它把意义研究和语言使用的背景结合起来。这种理论常被认为是人们从语用学角度研究意义的最初尝试。27.The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its regional background.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 尽管语言变异可以体现在语音、词汇或句法等方面，但主要还是在语音方面。对于地域方言来讲最重要的语言区别性特征还是口音。改正：Although variation may occur with respect to pronuncia
43、tion, vocabulary, or syntax, particularly to pronunciation, the most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its accent.28.Wernickes work strengthened Brocas claim that left hemispheric structures are essential for speech.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 韦尼克的工作更有力地说明了布罗卡的主张，即大脑左半球的结构对言语活动功能有至关重要的作用，因而使人们对左半球的不同区域具有不同的语言功能的假设产生了更浓厚的兴趣。29.
