1、STD-IS0 843-ENGL 1997 .I 4853903 0783588 832 II$ I NT E R NAT I O NA L STANDARD IS0 843 First edition 1997-01 -1 5 Corrected and reprinted 1999-05-01 Information and documentation - Conversion of Greek characters into Latin characters Information et documentation - Conversion des caractres grecs en
2、caractres latins This material is reproduced from IS0 documents under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Copyright License Number IHSIICCII 996. Not for resale. No part of these IS0 documents may be reproduced in any form, electronic retrieval system or otherwise, except as allowed
3、 in the copyright law of the country of use, or with the prior written consent of IS0 (Case postale 56, 121 1 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Fax f41 22 734 10 79). IHS or the IS0 Licensors members. Reference number IS0 843:1997(E) STD*ISO B43-ENGL 1997 II 4851903 0783589 779 6 IS0 843:1997(E) Foreword IS0
4、(the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical comm
5、ittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrote
6、chnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 YO of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard IS0 843 was prepared by
7、Technical Committee iSO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee SC 2, Conversion of written languages. it cancels and replaces IS0 Recommendation R 843:1968, of which it constitutes a technical revision. Annex A forms an integral part of this International Standard. Annexes B and C are fo
8、r information only. O IS0 1997 All rights reserved Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher International Organiz
9、ation for Standardization Case Postale 56 CH-1 21 1 Geneve 20 Switzerland Printed in Switzerland II STD-IS0 843-ENGL 3997 I 4853903 0783590 490 II INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 IS0 843: 1997(E) INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION - CONVERSION OF GREEK CHARACTERS INTO LATIN CHARACTERS 1 SCOPE This Internation
10、al Standard establishes a system for the transliteration andor transcription of Greek characters into Latin characters. This system provides for two sets of rules, each constituting a type of conversion, which are: - Type 1, transliteration of Greek characters into Latin characters - Type 2, transcr
11、iption of Greek characters into Latin characters This system applies to the characters of the Greek script, independent of the period in which it is or was used, i.e. it applies to monotoniko and polytoniko scripts from all periods of Classic ur Modem Greek (archaic, alexandrian, hellenistic, byzant
12、ine, katharevousa, dimotiki etc.) as well as any other form of writing using the Greek script. Definitions and explanations for the terms used (transliteration, transcription etc.) appear in Annex A. This International Standard does not strictly define which type of conversion shall be used in an ap
13、plication. An application that needs some kind of mapping of Greek characters into Latin characters can choose one, and only one, of these types for a specific purpose. The application must explicitly declare the type adopted. This Intemational Standard, however, recommends a preferable way of using
14、 the various types of conversion: - Type 1 (transliteration) can be used in information exchange of bibliographic references, directory services and cases where the original text may be unavailable but still needs to be reconstituted. This type can be used in every case that requires the unique conv
15、ersion of the transliterated word to its original form (Greek characters) by persons not knowing the Greek language or by machines (e.g. from information technology applications, telematic services and others from the area of communications). - Type 2 (transcription) can be used in identity cards, p
16、assports, road signs, map citations and other cases where the correct pronunciation of the Greek word takes precedence over the need for reconstitution of the original form. In cases like these, other means of ensuring the relationship between the original and the converted word can be used. A table
17、 showing one method for reversible transcription is given in Annex B (Informative). Other methods for reversible transcription may also be used. The user should be aware that ordering problems may occur as a result of the transliteratiodtranscription process. 2 CHARACTER REPERTOIRES INVOLVED IN THE
18、CONVERSION PROCESS In this International Standard two character repertoires are identified: a. The complete graphic character repertoire used in any form of writing of the Greek script. This repertoire constitutes the collection of all non-combined characters that appear in Tables 9, 33 and 34 of IS
19、O/IEC 10646-1: 1993 plus 6 characters (Stigma, Digamma, Koppa, Sampi, Byzantinokunate Sigma and Yot) from Table 10 and one character (dialytika) from Table 8 of the International Standard ISOIEC 10646-1 : 1993. b. A graphic character repertoire used by the Latin script. This includes graphic charact
20、ers that are in usage in many Latin-oriented languages. The Latin characters are derived from table 1 and table 2 of ISO/IEC 10646-1: 1993. The character “Combining macron”, derived from Table 8 of the ISOAEC 10646-1, can be used in certain applications. (An alternative source for the Latin repertoi
21、re is KO/IEC 8859-1). The graphical representation of Greek and Latin characters used in the transliteration / transcription tables is indicative. The correct representation is beyond the purpose ofthis International Standard. 1 STD-IS0 843-ENGL 1997 m 4851903 0783591 327 E 20 21 22 23 23 INTERNATIO
22、NAL STANDARD IS0 IS0 843: 1997(E) Y,u y, Y qcp F, f x,x CH, ch Y,J PS, ps Q, o O, O or O-, o- The references mentioned do not impose any requirements on the coding of the characters, nor do they restrict the ability of those who perform the conversion (human beings or machines) to handle more charac
23、ters than those included in these two repertoires. 3 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSCRIPTION TABLES 3.1 Transliteration and transcription of Alphabetical characters. Table 1: Transliteration GREEK CHARACTER LATIN CHARACTER Note 1 - Combinations of iwo or more characters are transliterated according to the
24、 provisions laid down for each independent character. The only exception to this rule for transliteration is the conversion of the Creek double vowels AY, au: EY, EV; OY, OU which are mapped into Latin as AU, au, EU, eu, OU, ou respectively. Note 2 - The Creek character q (oiypa EIK - sigma final) i
25、s transliterated into Latin s, the same as for the Greek character U (oiypa - sigma ). The character U is used at the beginning or in the middle of a word, while the character q is used at the end of the word. The transliterating medium (human or machine) should, when in the process of converting th
26、e transliterated text back to the original Greek text, read the character of the string that follows s. In cases where the Latin s is followed by an alphabetic character or hyphenation then the s is transliterated into o. In any other case (for example when it is followed by a space, mark, symbol, e
27、tc.) the Latin s is transliterated into the Greek character . 2 STD*ISO 843-ENGL L997 4853903 0783592 2b3 IS0 843:1997(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 Table 2: Transcription 3 STDBISO B43-ENGL 1997 I 4853903 0783593 LTT W INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 Notes to table 2 IS0 843:1997(E) Note 3 - Used before
28、 the characters , y, F, h, p, Y, p and all the vowels Note 4 - Used before the characters 8, K, 5, x, o, T, cp, x I+I and at the end of the word Note 5 - At the beginning of the word. Note 6 - in the middle of the word. Note 7 - At the end of the word. Note 8 - The cornbinations of Greek characters,
29、 that are in parentheses, are presented in Table 2 only for clarification. They are converted according to the provisions laid down for each independent character. Note 9 - They are converted according to the provisions laid down for each independent character when the vowel before v has an accent o
30、r when the v has dialytika. Note 10 - in the conversion of the combinations au, EU, qv, when they have an accent, the accent is transferred to the vowel (e.g. av, af, IV, if, w,vf). General notes applying to both transliteration and transcription: Note 11 - If the conversion of a Greek letter gives
31、rise to a double capital in Latin which is followed by lowercase text ( for example at the beginning of a sentence after a full stop mark) the second, third, etc. Latin capital letter may for aesthetic reasons be rendered in lowercase (e.g Chara instead of CHara, Thalassa instead of THalassa, Psari
32、instead of PSari). Note 12 - The converting medium must be aware that the special mark (macron) above or after the Latin characters is obligatory for the correct conversion of the character. However, the size of this special mark and its accurate graphical representation or position is not the subje
33、ct of this international Standard. Use of another character to substitute macron where it is unavailable, is not prohibited but it is done at the users risk. 4 STD=ISO 843-ENGL 3997 4853903 0783594 036 D Monotoniko INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 IS0 843: 1997(E) Polytoniko Transliteration / Transcriptio
34、n . 3.2 Conversion of non-alphabetical characters (used in transliteration and transcription) 4 5 6 7 * The non-alphabetical characters, as defined in this International Standard, are converted as follows (There are no differences in transliteration or transcription concerning the conversion of the
35、non - alphabetical characters. The non-alphabetical characters are divided into those used in the modem monotoniko form of writing and those used in any other form of writing using the Greek script): - (PERISPOMENI) * (CIRCUMFLEX) (DIALYTIKA) . (DIALYTIKA) (DIAERESIS) ; (EROTIMATIKO) ; (EROTIMATIKO)
36、 ? (QUESTION MARK) . (TELEIA) , (TELEIA) . (FULLSTOP) (ANO TELEIA) (ANO TELEIA) (SEMI COLON) Table 3: Conversion of non-alphabetical characters 10 11 GREEK CHARACTER I LATIN ClWkCER (KOMMA) , (KOMMA) , (COMMA) ! (THAYMASTIKO) ! (THAYMASTIKO) ! (EXCLAMATION MARK) 12 13 1 I (TONOS) I I (ACUTE ACCENT)
37、(APOSTROFOS) (APOSTROFOS) (APOSTROPHE) (KORONIS) (APOSTROPHE) 21 I (OXEIA) I (ACUTE ACCENT) 14 15 16 17 18 31 I (VAREIA) I (GRAVEACCENT) (PSILI) (APOSTROPHE) (DASEIA) h I (YPOGEGRAMMENI) . (CEDILLA) I (PROSGEGRAMMENI) * w (ENOTIKON) - (HYPHEN) 1 2 3 9 I : (ANO - KATO TELEIA) I (ANO - KATO TELEIA) I
38、: (COLON) Archaikoi Charaktires Transliteration / Transcription F (DIGAMMA) W j (GIOT) j c (BYZANTIN0 SIGMA) s Table 4: Conversion of Archaic characters 5 STD-IS0 843-ENGL 1997 W 4852703 0783575 T72 M ,A ,a =lo00 ,B , =2000 a7 =3000 A S 4000 EE =5000 2 =6OOO Z .I; =7000 H ,q =8000 ,O i3 =9000 INTERN
39、ATIONAL STANDARD IS0 IS0 843:1997(E) J 1 =10000 P Q =100000 M x =20000 2 XT =200000 A A =30000 ,T ;t =300000 ,M g 40000 ,Y ,u =400000 N N =50000 ,O xp =500000 2 =5 I N ;: =50 =6 Y U =60 =7 O =70 “ =8 rI =80 2 CI o e =9 I f =90 P p =loo C o =200 T z =300 Y u =400 0 cp =500 x xp =600 Y til =700 0 03 =
40、800 3 =goo Note 13 - Laws, decrees and other documents that have been indexed by Greek numerical symbols are converted using decimal numbers for their indexing and their correspondence is given in table 5. Note 14 - Any other non-alphabetical character that may be found in the Greek text (e.g. makro
41、n, vrachy, etc.) should not be converted. 4 SPECIAL CASES First names, surnames, names of places or street names that are of non-Greek origin are transcribed without taking into consideration their original writing with Latin or other characters. 6 STD-IS0 843-ENGL 1977 4851903 078359b 909 INTERNATI
42、ONAL STANDARD 0 IS0 IS0 843:1997(E) Annex A (Normative) A INTRODUCTION A.l Standards on conversion of systems of writing This International Standard is one of a series of International Standards, dealing with the conversion of systems of writing. The aim of this International Standard and others in
43、the series is to provide a means for international communication of written messages in a form which permits the automatic transmission and reconstitution of these by men or machines. The system of conversion, in this case, must be univocal and entirely reversible. This means that no consideration s
44、hould be given to phonetic and aesthetic matters nor to certain national customs : all these considerations are, indeed, ignored by the machine performing the function. The adoption of this International Standard for international communication leaves every country free to adopt for its own use a na
45、tional standard which may be different, on condition that it be compatible with the International Standard. The system proposed herein should make this possible and be acceptable to international use if the graphisms it creates are such that they may be converted automatically into the graphisms use
46、d in any strict national system. This International Standard may be used by anyone who has a clear understanding of the system and is certain that it can be applied without ambiguity. The result obtained will not give a correct pronunciation of the original text in a persons own language but it will
47、 serve as a means of finding automatically the original graphism and thus allow anyone who has a knowledge of the original language to pronounce it correctly. Similarly, one can only pronounce correctly a text written in, for example, English or Polish, if one has a knowledge of English or Polish. T
48、he adoption of national standards compatible with this International Standard will permit the representation, in an international publication, of the morphemes of each language according to the customs of the country where it is spoken. It will be possible to simplie this representation in order to
49、take into account the number of the character sets available on different kinds of machines. A.2 General principles of conversion of writing systems A.2.1 Definition and methods A.2.1.1 The words in a language, which are written according to a given script (the converted system), sometimes have to be rendered according to a different system (the conversion system) normally used for a different language. The procedure is often used for historical or geographical texts, cartographical documents and i
