1、 ISO 2013 Space systems Measurements of thermo-optical properties of thermal control materials Systmes spatiaux Mesures des proprits thermo-optiques des matriaux de thermorgulation INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16378 First edition 2013-12-15 Reference number ISO 16378:2013(E) ISO 16378:2013(E)ii ISO 20
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4、d in Switzerland ISO 16378:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Abbreviated terms 4 5 Preparatory conditions . 4 5.1 Hazards, health, and safety precautions . 4 5.2 Preparation of samples
5、 5 5.3 Facilities 5 5.4 Standard Materials 6 6 Solar absorptance ( s ) test methods .7 7 Hemispherical infrared emittance ( h ) test method . 7 8 Normal infrared emittance ( n ) test methods 7 9 Test report . 8 9.1 Standard tests 8 9.2 Non-standard tests 9 10 Quality assurance 9 10.1 Precision . 9 1
6、0.2 Non-conformance 10 10.3 Calibration .10 10.4 Traceability .10 11 Audit of measurement equipment 10 11.1 General 10 11.2 Initial audit of the system (acceptance) .10 11.3 Annual regular review (maintenance) of the system .10 11.4 Special review .11 Annex A (normative) Solar absorptance using a sp
7、ectrophotometer ( s ) 12 Annex B (normative) Solar absorptance using the comparative test method ( p ) .17 Annex C (normative) Hemispherical infrared emittance using the thermal test method ( h-t ) 19 Annex D (normative) Normal infrared emittance using an IR spectrometer ( n-s ) 23 Annex E (normativ
8、e) Normal infrared emittance using ellipsoid collector optics ( n-e ) 26 Annex F (normative) Normal infrared emittance using two rotating cavities ( n-c ) 31 Annex G (informative) Key parameters for measurement .34 Annex H (informative) Theoretical directional emittance .35 Bibliography .36 ISO 1637
9、8:2013(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
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12、This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any
13、 or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of us
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15、tary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations.iv ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO 16378:2013(E) Introduction Throughout this International Standard, the minimum essential criteria are identifie
16、d by the use of the imperative or the keyword “shall”. Recommended criteria are identified by the use of the keyword “should” and, while not mandatory, are considered to be of primary importance in providing serviceable, economical, and practical designs. Deviations from the recommended criteria can
17、 be made only after careful consideration, extensive testing, and thorough service evaluation have shown an alternative method to be satisfactory. Solar absorptance and infrared emittance are the key parameters of materials for both active and passive thermal design of space systems. This Internatio
18、nal Standard describes the methodology, instruments, equipment, and samples used to calculate the key parameters of thermal-control materials, i.e. solar absorptance sor p and the infrared emittance hor n . Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document can be the s
19、ubject of patent rights other than those identified. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 2013 All rights reserved v Space systems Measurements of thermo-optical properties of thermal control materials 1 Scope This International Standard specifies the
20、multiple measurement methods, instruments, equipment, and samples used to calculate the thermo-optical properties of thermal control materials. This International Standard compares their features, indicates their limitations and biases, and guides the applications. These measurements will be perform
21、ed at ground test facilities with the purpose of obtaining material properties. The measured properties will be used for material selection, thermal design of spacecraft, process control, quality control, etc. Also, on-orbit temperature data in the beginning of life can be assessed using the data ob
22、tained by ground measurement. Requirements for calibration and reference materials to ensure data quality are also defined. The following test methods are detailed in the Annexes of this International Standard including the configuration of samples and calculations. a) Solar absorptance using a spec
23、trophotometer: ( s ) Annex A b) Solar absorptance using the comparative test method: ( p ) Annex B c) Hemispherical infrared emittance using the thermal test method: ( h-t ) Annex C d) Normal infrared emittance using an IR spectrometer: ( n-s ) Annex D e) Normal infrared emittance using ellipsoid co
24、llector optics ( n-e ) Annex E f) Normal infrared emittance using two rotating cavities: ( n-c ) Annex F 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition
25、cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 9288:1989, Thermal insulation Heat transfer by radiation Physical quantities and definitions ISO 21348:2007, Space environment (natural and artificial) Process for determining
26、 solar irradiances ASTM E490-00a:2006, Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance Tables 3 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 absorptance () = a/m where a is the absorbed radiant flux or the absorbed lum
27、inous flux and m is the radiant flux or luminous flux of the incident radiation SOURCE: ISO 80000-7 INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 16378:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1 ISO 16378:2013(E) 3.2 emissivity, emittance () = M/Mb where M is the radiant exitance of a thermal radiator and Mb is the radia
28、nt exitance of a blackbody at the same temperature SOURCE: ISO 80000-7 Note 1 to entry: The following adjectives should be added to define the conditions. Total: If they are related to the entire spectrum of thermal radiation (this designation can be considered as implicit) ISO 9288:1989 Spectral or
29、 monochromatic: If they are related to a spectral interval centered on the wavelength ISO 9288:1989 Hemispherical: If they are related to all directions along which a surface element can emit or receive radiation ISO 9288:1989 Directional: If they are related to the directions of propagation defined
30、 by a solid angle around the defined direction ISO 9288:1989 Normal: If they are related to the normal direction of propagation or incidence to the surface EXAMPLE Total hemispherical emittance/emissivity. Total hemispherical exitance M of the considered surface divided by the total hemispherical ex
31、itance M0 of the blackbody at the same temperature. SOURCE: ISO 9288:1989 Note 2 to entry: When there is a certain need to distinguish a property of a material from a property of a real object, the word “emissivity” could be used. Emissivity is a property of a material measured as the emittance of a
32、n ideal material that is completely opaque and has an optically smooth surface.Emissivity depends on the temperature at which it is determined and wavelength range.Emittance is a property of a particular object. It is determined by material emissivity, surface roughness, oxidation, the samples therm
33、al and mechanical history, surface finish, and measured wavelength range. Although emissivity is a major component in determining emittance, the emissivity determined under laboratory conditions seldom agrees with actual emittance of a certain sample. where L b (,T) Spectral Planck distribution of b
34、lackbody radiation, c 1 -5 (e (c2/T) -1) -1 ; C 1 3,741 77 10 16Wm 2 ; C 2 1,438 8 10 2mK; T absolute temperature, K; wavelength, m; -1 T 4 ; Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5,670 400 (40) 10 8Wm -2 K -4 .2 ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO 16378:2013(E) 3.3 diffuse indicates t hat f lu x propagates in ma
35、ny direc t ions, as opposed to direc t beam, which refers to collimated f lu x . When referring to reflectance, it is the directional-hemispherical reflectance less the specular reflectance 3.4 infrared emittance emittance in the infrared range at least from 5 m to 25 m 3.5 integrating sphere an opt
36、ical device used to either collect flux reflected or transmitted from a sample into a hemisphere or to provide isotropic irradiation of a sample from a complete hemisphere. It consists of a cavity that is approximately spherical in shape with apertures for admitting and detecting flux and usually ha
37、ving additional apertures over which sample and reference specimens are placed 3.6 irradiance at a point on a surface, E = d/dA Wm -2 , where d is the radiant flux incident on an element of the surface with area dA SOURCE: ISO 80000-7 3.7 near-normal-hemispherical indicates irradiance to be directio
38、nal near-normal to the specimen surface and the flux leaving the surface or medium is collected over an entire hemisphere for detection 3.8 r a d i a n t f l u x = dQ/dt W where dQ is the radiant energy emitted, transferred, or received during a time interval of the duration dt SOURCE: ISO 80000-7 3
39、.9 r e f le c t a nc e () = r/m where r is the reflected radiant flux or the reflected luminous flux and m is the radiant flux or luminous flux of the incident radiation SOURCE: ISO 80000-7 3.10 solarindicating that the radiant flux involved has the sun as its source or has the relative spectral dis
40、tribution of solar flux 3.11 solarindicating a weighted average of the spectral property, with a standard solar spectral irradiance distribution as the weighting function 3.12 solar absorptance ( s ) ratio of the solar radiant flux absorbed by a material (or body) to the radiant flux of the incident
41、 radiation Note 1 to entry: Differentiation is made between two methods: a) Method of spectral measurements using a spectrophotometer covering the range from 250 nm to 2 500 nm for the determination of s . ISO 2013 All rights reserved 3 ISO 16378:2013(E) b) Portable equipment using a xenon flash for
42、 relative measurements ( p ). 3.13 solar irradiance radiation of the sun integrated over the full disk and expressed in SI units of power through a unit of area, Wm -2 SOURCE: ISO 21348 (Notes in the original standard is omitted) 3.14 spectralindicating that the property was evaluated at a specific
43、wavelength, , within a small wavelength interval, about , symbol wavelength in parentheses as L(350 nm), or as a function of wavelength, symbol L() Note 1 to entry: The parameters of frequency, , wave-number, , or photon energy can be substituted for wavelength, , in this definition. 3.15 spectralth
44、e concentration of the quantity per unit wavelength (or frequency), indicated by the subscript lambda, as L = dL/d Note 1 to entry: The parameters of frequency, , wave-number, , or photon energy can be substituted for wavelength, , in this definition. Note 2 to entry: At a specific wavelength, the w
45、avelength at which the spectral concentration was evaluated can be indicated by the wavelength in parentheses following the symbol, L (350 nm). 3.16 specular indicates that the flux leaves a surface or medium at an angle that is numerically equal to the angle of incidence, lies in the same plane as
46、the incident ray and the perpendicular, but is on the opposite side of the perpendicular to the surface Note 1 to entry: Reversing the order of terms in an adjective reverses the geometry of the incident and collected flux, respectively. 3.17 transmittance () =t/m where t is the transmitted radiant
47、flux or luminous flux and m is the radiant flux or luminous flux of the incident radiation SOURCE: ISO 80000-7 4 Abbreviated terms For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations are used. RT Room Temperature 5 Preparatory conditions 5.1 Hazards, health, and safety precautions Attenti
48、on shall be given to health and safety precautions. Hazards to personnel, equipment, and materials shall be controlled and minimized.4 ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO 16378:2013(E) 5.2 Preparation of samples 5.2.1 Sample property This International Standard is applicable to materials having both sp
49、ecular and diffuse optical properties. 5.2.2 C onfigur ation The material samples shall be prepared according to the relevant process specification or manufacturers data and shall be representative of batch variance. The samples shall represent the work piece as exactly as possible. Expected changes in thermo-optical
