1、1专题 16 追本溯源 阅读理解之推理判断与主旨大意【2019 考纲解读】1.推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。要求考生在理解表面文字信息的基础上，尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，做出正确的推理和判断，从而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理的原则是据文推理，合情推理，不可妄加推理，过度推理。2.主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求，文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题
2、归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。题型一、主旨大意【题型特点】一、主旨大意题常见的命题方式1What is the best title for this passage?2Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?3Whats the main idea of the text?4The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that_.二、主旨大意题正确选项的特征 1涵盖性强，覆盖全文。2确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及
3、色彩。【方法技巧】叮嘱考生：永远把主旨大意题放在最后做。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题，所以在解答此类题目时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题目后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。第一步 确定文章的主题词 通过文章阅读和其他题目的解答，确定文章的主题词。文章通常围绕主题词展开，主旨题的正确答案当然要包括文章主题词或主题词的同义改写词。第二步 确定文章的主题句 主题句常处的四种位置：21首段或首句开门见山指出中心或讨论的问题。2文章中间或段落中间给出中心。3文章末段或段落末句对全文进行总结归纳。4文章或段落中不明确给出中心，考生要根
4、据各段中心或各句的内容进行总结， 自己推出主旨。主题句通常具有下面一些特征：1举例子的句子不是主题句，前后句可能是主题句。2问句不是主题句，回答句可能是主题句。3首段转折处常为文章的主题句。4主题句常包含文章的主题词。5主题句常包含主次之分的表达(A rather than B 等)。6主题句常包含时间提示词(recently，today 等)。7定义型的句子(be called as，be known as，is, are 等)。8强调型的句子(stress, focus 等)。9总结型的句子(research indicates，study suggests 等)。第三步 总结文章的主旨
5、根据文章的主题词和主题句，概括文章主旨，并与选项进行比对确定正确答案。如果文章全文都没有明确的主题句，那么主题思想要通过各段的主要内容进行归纳。这时考生要着重阅读各段的首尾句进行总结归纳。例 1、 【2018全国 III】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。AWelcome to Holker Hall therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it
6、 as necessary for understanding a persons needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(
7、暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of p
8、ower.For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still anot
9、her use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.Nurses and other caregivers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when 19they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should r
10、ecognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patients silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from oth
11、er cultures.文章大意：文章介绍了沉默在不同文化里所代表的含义以及沉默的治疗价值等内容。1.What does the author say about silence in conversations？ AIt implies anger. BIt promotes friendship.CIt is culturespecific. DIt is contentbased.解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段第三句“A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry”(某一谈话中的沉默可能
12、也表示倔强、不安或者担忧)可知，silence in conversations具有文化特异性。故选 C。2.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought？AThe Chinese. BThe French.CThe Mexicans. DThe Russians.解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among peop
13、le, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing”可知，中国人可能认为一个人在谈话时突然停顿是希望听话人去仔细思考。故选 A。3.What d
14、oes the author advise nurses to do about silence？ ALet it continue as the patient pleases.BBreak it while treating patients.CEvaluate its harm to patients.DMake use of its healing effects.解析：考查细节理解。根据最后一段，尤其是最后一句“A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to
15、 assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures”可知，护士应该充分利用沉默的治愈价值。故选 D。4.What may be the best title for the text？ 20ASound and SilenceBWhat It Means to Be SilentCSilence to Native AmericansDSpeech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold解析：考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，文章介绍了沉默在不同文化里所代表的含义，故选 B。文章未谈及 Sound
16、，所以 A项不对；文章虽谈到了 Silence to Native Americans，但这不是文章的中心内容，故排除 C项；文章未涉及 Speech Is Silver的内容，所以 D项也不对。【变式探究】(2016全国，C) Reading can be a social activity.Think of the people who belong to book groups.They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them.Now, the website BookC turns the page on the tradi
17、tional idea of a book group.Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share.BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with eac
18、h new reader who finds _it._Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCrossing combines both.”Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops.Whoever finds their
19、book will go to the site and record where they found it.People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.Emails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found.Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be
20、selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟)The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirtyfive countries.文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了 BookC网站帮助喜爱读书的人们互相交流和传递图书的
21、内容。1.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph？ ATo explain what they are.21BTo introduce BookCrossing.CTo stress the importance of reading.DTo encourage readers to share their ideas.2.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to？ AThe book.BAn adventure.CA public
22、place.DThe identification number.解析：考查代词指代。根据第二段中的“hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide.”可知，此处的“it”指的是“the book” 。故选 A项。3.What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it？ AMeet other readers to discuss it.BKeep it safe in his bookcase.CPass it on to another rea
23、der.DMail it back to its owner.解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“BookCrossing provide an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”可知，读完书之后，BookCrossers 将会把它继续传递给其
24、他的读者。故选 C项。4.What is the best title for the text？ AOnline Reading: A Virtual TourBElectronic Books: A New TrendCA Book Group Brings Tradition BackDA Website Links People through Books解析：考查主旨大意。根据第一段的最后一句“Now，the website BookC turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group”以及其余的内容可知，本篇文章主要介绍了
25、BookC网站的功能及其创建的意义。故选 D项。【变式探究】 (2016北京，B)22Surviving Hurricane SandyNatalie Doan,14, has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York.Living just a few blocks from the beach, Natalie can see the ocean and hear the wave from her house.“Its the ocean that makes Rockaway so special， ” she says.On Oc
26、tober 29, 2012, that ocean turned fierce.That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard.Fortunately, Natalies family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the citys bridges closed.When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ru
27、ins.Many of Natalies friends had lost their homes and were living far away.All around her, people were suffering, especially the elderly.Natalies school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspir
28、ed Natalie.Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys.Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild.Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless highrise buildings.“My mom tells me that I cant control wh
29、at happens to me， ” Natalie says.“but I can always choose how I deal with it.”Natalies choice was to help.She created a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help.Natalie posted introduction about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collecting when his house b
30、urned down.Within days, Patricks collection was replaced.In the coming months, her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher, who received a new basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard.Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring muchneed supplies to Rockaway.Her efforts made her a
31、famous person.Last April, she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.Today, the scars(创痕)of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air.The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt.“I cant imagine living anywhere but Rockaway，
32、 ” Natalie declares.“My neighborhood will be back, even stronger than before.”文章大意：这是一篇记叙文。本文的主人公14 岁的女孩娜塔莉主动参与重建遭受飓风重创的23家乡。她建立了一个网站，为外界的捐赠者和家乡需要帮助的人结对，同时帮助很多孩子实现了自己的梦想。她应邀到白宫，并被授予荣誉称号。5.When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane，she found_ _.Asome friends had lost their livesBher neighb
33、orhood was destroyedCher school had moved to BrooklynDthe elderly were free from suffering解析：考查细节理解。由题干的“returned.after the hurricane”可知，答案应该在第三段。娜塔莉一家在飓风过后回到家乡，发现街区已变为废墟(neighborhood in ruins)，很多朋友失去了家园，并且住到了很远的地方。人们都在遭受苦难，特别是老年人。从这些信息可知选 B。6.According to paragraph 4，who inspired Natalie most？ AThe
34、 people helping Rockaway rebuild.BThe people trapped in highrise building.CThe volunteers donating money to survivors.DLocal teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people.解析：考查细节理解。由第四段第一句中的“the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie”可知选 A。7.How did Natalie help the survivors？ AShe
35、gave her toys to the kids.BShe took care of younger children.CShe called on the White House to help.DShe built an information sharing platform.解析：考查细节理解。由第七段可知，娜塔莉建立了一个网站，让捐助者与需要帮助的人通过这个网站建立联系，以此来帮助他们，因此选 D。 8.What does the story intend to tell us？ ALittle people can make a big difference.BA friend
36、in need is a friend indeed.CEast or west, home is best.DTechnology is power.24【变式探究】 (2016全国，D)Bad news sells.If it bleeds, it leads.No news is good news, and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread a
37、nd monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking peoples emails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The if it bleeds rule works for mass media， ” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the
38、University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling.But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react.You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.” Researchers analyzing wordofmouth communicationemails，Web posts and reviews, fa
39、cetoface conversationsfound that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didnt necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr.Berger looked at
40、how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most emailed” list for six months.One of his first finds was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than nonscience artic
41、les.He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be arous
42、ed(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr.Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”文章大意：本文讲述了科学家对大众传媒的新发现：好消息比坏消息传得更快、更远，越积极乐观的25信息越容易被大众分享。1.What do the classic rules mentioned
43、in the text apply to？ ANews reports. BResearch papers.CPrivate emails. DDaily conversations.解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段的内容尤其是“Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers”可知，新闻报道惯常报道坏消息来吸引人们的眼球。2.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer？ ATheyre socially inactive.BTheyr
44、e good at telling stoies.CTheyre inconsiderate of oters.DTheyre careful with their ords.解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段可知，大众传媒想要吸引你的眼球而不关心你的内心感受，但是当你和朋友分享故事时，你对他们的反应要关心得多，你不希望他们把你看作 Debbie Downer。由此可以推断，Debbie Downer和大众传媒是一样的，不会去关心他人的感受，故选 C项，inconsiderate 意为“不为别人着想的，不考虑他人的” 。3.Which tended to be the most emailed a
45、ccording to Dr.Bergers research？ ASports news. BScience articles.CPersonal accounts. DFinancial reviews.解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“One of his first finds was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than nonscience articles”可知，选B项。4.What can be a suitable title for the text
46、？ ASad Stories Travel Far and Wide.BOnline News Attracts More People.CReading Habits Change with the Times.DGood News Beats Bad on Social Networks.解析：考查标题判断。本文第一段的最后一句概括了文章的主要内容：通过追踪人们的电子邮件和网上的帖子，科学家已经发现好消息要比坏消息传得更快更远。下文是对这一发现的具体介绍，故选 D项。【变式探究】 (2016四川，D) A warm drink of milk before bed has long bee
47、n the best choice for those wanting a good 26nights sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod offif it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.T
48、he study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected d
49、uring daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indi
